VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE SAMLEY MAM SCREENING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLULASE IN BACILLUS sp. Student: Samley MAM Student code: 24181065 Supervisor: Dr. Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy Department: Food safety and Quality management - VNUA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PRESS - 2017 c DECLARATION This thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any educational institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person, except where due to reference is made in the text of the thesis. Hanoi, May 10th, 2017 Master candidate Samley MAM i c ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to sincerely thank the Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA) in Vietnam, in particular the Faculty of Food Science and Technology, for providing all the conditions leading to this thesis and allowing me to follow the program Food Technology that financially supported by Académie de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur – Commission de la Cooperation au Dévelopement (ARES-CCD).
I express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy, for being my mentor during my thesis research on “Screening and characterization of cellulase in Bacillus sp. Especially, I would like to acknowledge her precious advices, the very helpful discussions, and good explanation with her friendly encouragement. I am very grateful to Ms.
Trinh Thi Thu Thuy for being my co-supervisor an offering me the great opportunity to perform my master work in her laboratory. On the other hand, I really sincerely thank for her great support not only the idea but also her value time to solve the problem that incidentally faced during this research. I particularly thank her for sharing her well-guided expertise in the field of characterization of cellulolytic enzyme, and for giving assistance supported. I would like to offer a big thank to Dr.
Nguyen Hoang Anh, head of Central Laboratory, gave me a lot of advice and suggestion for my methodology. Last but not least, I am deeply grateful to my beloved parents, namely, Mr. SVAY KOU, Mrs. SOUT HUN, and my beloved siblings.
This successful result could not be obtained if without their encouragement and support. Hanoi, May 10th, 2017 Master candidate Samley MAM ii c TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES.
v LIST OF FIGURES. vi THESIS ABSTRACT. vii PART I – INTRODUCTION. 2 PART II –LITERATURE REVIEW.
General information of cellulase. Classification of cellulase. Applications of cellulases in the industries. Microbial sources of cellulases.
Factors affect for cellulase production by Bacilli and characterization of enzyme. General information of Bacillus sp. and their cellulase production ability. Factors affect the cellulase production ability of Bacillus sp.
Characterization of cellulase produced by Bacillus sp. 18 PART III - MATERIALS AND METHODS. Bacterial screening and characterization. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.
Screening Bacillus sp. producing cellulase bacteria. Identification of selected Bacillus sp. Sequencing of 16S rDNA gene.
Cellulase production of Bacillus pumilus B6. Characterization of cellulase activityof Bacillus pumilus B6. Effect of optimal temperature for cellulase activity. Effect of optimal pH for cellulase activity.
Thermal stability on cellulase activity. 47 iv c LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Cellulase producing fungal strains. Cellulase producing by bacterial strains.
Optimum temperature and pH of enzyme produced by Bacillus sp. Clear zone of cellulase produced by 100 strains of Bacillus sp. Ratio of clear zone category .Thermal stability in enzyme activity (U/ml). pH stability in enzyme activity (U/ml).
35 v c LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Efficiency in cooperation of members of cellulase enzyme system. Diagram for bacterial characterization. Screening cellulase production by the agar-well diffusion method.
Biggest clear zone of collection strains of A1. Cell morphology of strains A1. Phylogenetic tree of Bacillus cereus A1. Phylogenetic tree Bacillus cereus A1.
Phylogenetic tree Bacillus pumilus B 6. Effect of optimal temperature on enzyme production. Effect of optimal temperature on enzyme production. Thermal stability on enzyme production.
pH stability on enzyme production. 35 vi c THESIS ABSTRACT Master candidate: Samley Mam Thesis title: Screening and characterization of cellulase in Bacillus sp. Major: Food Technology Code:24181065 Educational Organization: Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA) General objectives: Screening and characterization of cellulase in Bacillus sp. and determine some characteristic of this enzyme.
Specific objectives - Screening Bacillus sp. producing cellulase from the collection of Bacillus sp.; - Identification of selected strains by 16S rDNA gene sequencing; - Characterization of cellulase produced by selected strain (including optimal temperature, optimal pH, thermal stability and pH stability). Materials and Methods Materials A hundred strains of Bacillus sp. were supplied by Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture.
There are two different sources of collection strains, one from the Muong Khuong chili sauce and the other from cow rumen. Methods Microorganisms with cellulolytic activity were incubated in MT1 media and determined by the formation of clear zone around colony through the lugol overlay method; Cellulolytic bacteria were identified by using 16S rDNA gene sequencing; the neighbor - joining phylogenetic analysis was carried out with Tree view programme to show evolution relationship between selected strains and some others in the database; Cellulase was measured indirectly by spectrometric determination of reducing sugars by DNS method. Optimal temperature was determined by incubating the enzyme at the various temperatures ranging from 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80°C; Thermal stability was first investigated by pre-incubating the enzyme at the various temperature including: 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85 °C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 120 minutes; Residual enzyme activity was determined with 1 % CMC in a 50 mM sodium acetate buffer with pH 5. Optimal pH was determined with different buffer at various pH : 5.
The pH stability was tested by pre-incubating the enzyme in variable pH buffer 5.5 at 37 °C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 minutes. vii c Main findings and conclusion: Three among of 100 isolates collection strains were cultured on CMC agar plate for screening cellulase producing bacteria. In which, 3 isolates coded A1.4 having the highest diameter of clear zone as 24 mm were chosen for further studies. Those strains were identified as Bacillus cereus A1.8, and Bacillus pumilus B6.
According to the Bacillus pumilus notified as a GRAS (FDA, 2015), it was chosen for further studies. The result showed that the crude and purification enzyme activity of Bacillus pumilus B6.4 were found at 3. The optimal temperature and pH for cellulolytic cellulase of Bacillus pumilus B6.4 were found at 55 oC and 6. On the other hand, the enzyme was maintained more than 58 % stability at 55 to 65 oC after 150 min whereas the pH stability was maintained more than 56 % at 5.
INTRODUCTION The last two decades, the using of enzyme in industrial process has significantly increased and remained a constant effort (Lima et al. According to the BBC Research (2011), the number usages of the total market for industrial enzyme reached to USD 4. Some enzymes are commonly used may be mentioned as amylase, protease, lipase, xylanase, cellulase and so on (Bhat, 2000). The cellulase has its significance due to key role in biotechnology and industrial applications (Bhat, 2000).
It has been widely utilized for bioremediation (Zahangir et al., 2005), food processing (Chandara et al., 2005), paper, pulp industry, supplement in animal feed industry (Chandara et al., 2005), textile industry (Ali and Saad, 2008), alcoholic beverage, malting and brewing (Sreeja et al., 2013), formulation of washing powders, extraction of fruit and vegetable juices, and starch processing (Camassola and Dillon, 2007). is a Gram-positive aerobic or facultative endorspero-forming bacterium, rod-shaped bacterium (Shneath et al., 1986) which has been widely used in large-scale commercial enzyme application (Schallmey et al. can produce a variety of extracellular cellulolytic enzymes that extremely express high cellulose degradation activities (Rastogi et al. The production of extracellular cellulase in microorganisms is significantly affected by a number of factors such as temperature, pH, aeration (Immanuel et al., 2006), agitation and medium constituents (Prasertsan and Doelle, 1987).
Previously, the number of researchers in the Faculty of Food Science and Technology were investigated about some beneficial of Bacillus strains which can produce antibacteria, glucanase, protease, lactase and so on. In this study, the Bacillus strains were screened to find out more ability of producing cellulolytic cellulase. General objective The aim of this research is to screen and characterization of cellulase in Bacillus sp. and determines some characteristic of this enzyme.
Specific objectives - Screening Bacillus sp. producing cellulase from the collection of Bacillus sp.; - Identification of selected strains by 16S rDNA gene sequencing; - Characterization of cellulase produced by selected strain including optimal temperature, optimal pH, thermal stability and pH stability. LITERATURE REVIEW Cellulases are inducible enzymes synthesized by a large diversity of microorganisms including both fungi and bacteria during their growth on cellulosic materials. These enzymes have represented a target for both academic as well as industrial research (Singhet al.
Basic and applied studies on cellulolytic enzymes have demonstrated their biotechnological potential in various industries including food, animal feed, brewing and wine making, agriculture, biomass refining, pulp and paper, textile, and laundry. General information of cellulase Cellulase is the enzyme of commercial passion and also plays an essential function in hydrolysis of cellulose, a prime element of plant cell wall surface (Chandra et al. Cellulase covers a wide location in the worldwide market of industrially essential enzymes (Yoon et al. In addition, cellulase adds ~ 20 % of the complete enzyme market in all over the globe, due to its huge need in numerous markets (Srivastava et al.
Amongst these, the need of cellulase will certainly be highly selected by the business manufacturing of biofuels in future and also this will certainly additionally improve the need of cellulose from the biofuel sector (Yoon et al. For the manufacturing of biofuels sugar is one of the most preferable items which is gotten from the hydrolysis of cellulosic substrate via cellulase (Srivastava et al. Classification of cellulase The cellulase enzyme complex contains three different kinds of enzyme that perform well in collaboration in degradation of cellulose in figure 2. A cellulase enzyme system comprises of three classes; endoglucanase (EC 3.4), exoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.91), and β-glucosidase (EC 3.21) (Henrissat, 1994; Knowles et al., 1987; Lynd et al., 2002; Teeri, 1997; Wood and Garica, 1990; Zhang and Lynd, 2004b).
3 c They perform in a good cooperation to rapidly breakdown the cellulose complex and produce glucose (fermentable energy source) for bioethanol production (Beguin and Aubert, 1994). Cellulolytic enzyme complexes are distinguished as hydrolases which be able to breakdown O-glycosidic bonds between glucose units. They are classified by the Enzyme Commission with the number 3.x, where x signs the different cellulase enzyme type. (Lynd et al.
Efficiency in cooperation of members of cellulase enzyme system Source: Mussatto and Teixeria (2010) The following three classes of cellulolytic cellulases act in synergism during cellulose hydrolysis: Endoglucanases: This cluster is commonly represented by β-1,4 endoglucanase (E. It randomly digests the inner glycosidic-linkages of the amorphous cellulose part, liberating polysaccharides with lower polymerization degree (DP) and soluble oligosaccharides (DP<7). The modes of actions of endoglucanases and exoglucanases differ in that endoglucanases decrease the specific viscosity of CMC significantly with little hydrolysis due to 4 c intra-molecular cleavages, whereas exoglucanases hydrolyze long chains from the ends in a process (Zhang and Lynd, 2004b). Endoglucanase activities normally can be detected depending on a reduction in substrate viscosity and/or an increase in reducing ends measured by a reducing sugar assay.
Because exoglucanases also increase the number of reducing ends, it is strongly recommended that endoglucanase activities be measured by both methods (viscosity and reducing ends).