MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION GRADUATION THESIS FOOD TECHNOLOGY INVESTIGATE EXTRACTION CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN FROM DURIAN RIND BASED ON RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY LECTURER: NGUYEN VINH TIEN STUDENT: HA THI TIEU YEN PHAM THI HONG SKL012532 Ho Chi Minh City, January 2024 SHO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GRADUATION PROJECT Thesis code: 2023-19116057 INVESTIGATE EXTRACTION CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN FROM DURIAN RIND BASED ON RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY Student: HA THI TIEU YEN 19116057 PHAM THI HONG 19116042 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: NGUYEN VINH TIEN, ASSOC. PROF Ho Chi Minh City, January 2024 HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION FOOD TECHNOLOGY GRADUATION THESIS ASSIGNMENT Student name: Ha Thi Tieu Yen Student ID: 19116057 Student name: Pham Thi Hong Student ID: 19116042 Major: Food Technology Class: 19116CLA Supervisor: Nguyen Vinh Tien, Assoc. Email: tiennv@hcmute.vn Date of assignment: 10/08/2023 Date of submission: 22/01/2024 1. Thesis title: Investigate Extraction Conditions And Characterization Of Pectin From Durian Rind Based On Response Surface Methodology 2.
Thesis assignment: + The process of extracting pectin from durian rind + The properties of pectin. + Optimization parameters of extraction conditions The content and requirements of the graduation thesis have been approved by the Chair of the Food Technology program Ho Chi Minh City, 22nd January 2024 CHAIR OF THE PROGRAM SUPERVISOR (Sign with full name) (Sign with full name) i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere gratitude goes out to all of the instructors in the University of Technology and Education of Ho Chi Minh City's Food Technology Department for their invaluable instruction and knowledge-sharing throughout our studies. They also built all the facilities and tools necessary to help us finish the thesis as effectively as possible. Also, we had to face and conquer every obstacle we came across during the project in order to finish and obtain the outcomes we have now.
Additionally, we receive a lot of inspiration, support, and motivation from our cherished classmates and families. We especially acknowledge the teacher who oversaw this graduation project, PhD. Nguyen Vinh Tien. During the project, he provided us with valuable guidance and instruction on how to utilize equipment and operate machinery in the laboratory, along with quick feedback.
At the same time, the teacher always creates a friendly and supportive environment, even when we run into problems with the research process. Sincerely, we would like to express our gratitude to Ms. Ho Thi Thu Trang of the Department of Food Technology for facilitating and assisting us in using the measuring tools and equipment available at the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology's laboratory. Owing to our inexperience, ignorance, and time constraints, errors may have occurred in the thesis's execution.
We sincerely hope you will pardon us and provide us with helpful criticism so we can get better. We would like to send the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology our warmest regards. We hope your life is filled with prosperity and good health. Sincerely thank, Ha Thi Tieu Yen & Pham Thi Hong ii DECLARATION We declare that the outcome of the graduation thesis is our own work, all project results are the product of our surveys and research, and all project references are correctly cited in compliance with regulations.
Date_________________________ Students Ha Thi Tieu Yen Pham Thi Hong iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. Object and scope of the research. Scientific and practical significance. 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Introduction about pectin. Structure and chemical compositions of pectin. Gelation mechanism of pectin. Classification of pectin.
Properties of pectin. Pectin extraction technique. Applications of pectin. Overview about durian.
Response surface designs. Summary of previous studies on durian rind. 18 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS. Materials, chemicals, and equipment.
Durian rind drying. Alcohol insoluble preparation. Pectin extraction process. Moisture content of durian rind and pectin powder.
Ash content of durian rind and pectin powder. Total Anhydrouronic Acid Content. Degree of esterification. Intrinsic viscosity and viscosity- average molecular weight.
Experimental design of pectin extraction optimization. Solve multi-objective optimization problem. 36 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Moisture and ash content of durian rind.
Results of experimental design. Effect of extraction parameters on DE. Effect of extraction parameters on pectin yield. Effect of extraction parameters on AUA.
Optimization of the experiment and validation of the model. Optimal durian rind pectin process. Moisture and ash content of optimum pectin. Degree of esterification and structural propertie.
Result of of intrinsic viscosity and viscosity-average molecular weight. 75 xvi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Pectin chemical structure.3 The gelation mechanism of LMP .5 A Box-Behnken design for three Factors .6 Generation of a Central Composite Design for two Factors .7 Comparison of the Three Types of Central Composite Designs .8 Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) .2 Diagram of experimental research .3 Flowchart diagram for durian rind drying .4 Flowchart diagram for alcohol insoluble preparation .5 Flowchart diagram for pectin extraction process .6 FT-IR spectrum of pectin.1 The perturbation plot .2 One-factor plot illustrating the effect of temperture on pectin yield .3 One-factor plot illustrating the effect of S:L ratio on pectin yield .4 One-factor plot illustrating the effect of time on pectin yield .5 The 3D response surface graphs and countor demonstrate the relationship of extraction parameter .6 Predicted and Actual values of Yield.7 The perturbation plot .8 One-factor plot illustrating the effect of temperture on AUA .9 One-factor plot illustrating the effect of S:L ratio on AUA .10 The relationships of the extraction parameters were displayed by 3D surface response graphs and countor.11 Predicted and actual value of AUA .12 Optimal durian rind pectin process .13 Pectin extract after precipitating with alcohol .15 Comparing FT-IR spectrum of pectin (A) durian, (B) commercial.16 Huggins, Kraemer, and Martin plot for durian rind pectin.17 Morphological configurations of DP captured using SEM at x30 and x200 magnification. 65 xviii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Factor settings for CCRD model for three factors .1 Moisture and ash content in durian rind .2 Experimental results of objective responses .3 ANOVA for linear model Y2 (DE).4 ANOVA for quadratic model Y2 (DE).5 Summary model response of yield .6 ANOVA for linear model Y1 (Yield) .7 Summary model response of AUA .8 ANOVA for quadratic model Y3 (AUA) .9 The response of verified samples at the optimal extraction conditions (90 °C, 1:50, 210 minutes).10 Moisture and ash content of durian rind pectin.11 Comparing FT-IR spectrum of pectin commercial, durian rind.12 Intrinsic viscosity and viscosity-average molecular weight of durian rind pectin. 64 xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Definition RSM Response Surface Methodology CCD Central Composite Design CCRD Central Composite Rotatable Design AUA Anhydrouronic Acid DE Degree Of Esterification DP Durian Pectin 2FI Two-Factor Interaction GalA Galacturonic Acid HMP High Methoxyl Pectin LMP Low Methoxyl Pectin MeO Methoxyl Content SEM Scanning Electron Microscope S:L Solid: Liquid Ratio AIR Alcohol-Insoluble Residue xx ABSTRACT Pectin is a complex, high molecular weight, structurally acidic heteropolysaccharide that is present in the cell walls and leaf blades of terrestrial plants.
It helps plants set up and firm their tissue. Because it can provide food products more stiffness and texture, pectin is a widely used component in culinary applications. Pectin is also a naturally occurring biopolymer that has several uses in the food industry and can be used to make pectin powder at a reduced cost. In order to examine the effects of extraction temperature (75–95 °C), duration (30–270 min), and solid-to-liquid ratio (S:L) (1:20–1:60 g/mL) with 0.001M H2SO4 on the yield of pectin from durian rind, as well as the esterification degree (DE), purity (AUA), and other pectin properties, a central composite rotatable design was employed in this study.
The findings show that extraction temperature, duration, and S:L all have a substantial impact on pectin production and AUA, with extraction temperature having the greatest positive impact on both pectin output and purity. Conversely, DE is not much impacted by these extraction parameters. The experimental yield (11.258%) values obtained under ideal extraction conditions (90 °C, S:L 1:50 g/mL, 210 min) nearly matched the expected values. The extracted pectin's richness in polygalacturonic acid was demonstrated by the FT-IR spectra.
With its uniform, smooth-surfaced granules resembling slabs, the pectin derived from durian rind shows promise as a low-methoxyl pectin source that can thicken low-calorie foods and drinks considerably. Problem Vietnam's agricultural sector accounts for a high proportion of the economy. In addition to rice output, which is always among the world's largest exporters, Vietnam also develops fruit tree cultivation in large quantities and with a variety of types. As one of the fruit trees with high economic value, durian is increasingly popular and is widely consumed not only in the domestic market but also for export.
Durian is a genus of plants in the mallow family, currently there are more than 30 identified species, of which about 9 species have edible fruits, Durio Zibethinus is the most common species on the market. The distribution area of durian is in Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam. In addition to directly using the fruit flesh, durian is also processed into many dishes such as ice cream, candy, and jam. The durian rind typically accounts for over half of the total fruit weight, presenting a green to yellowish-brown, thick, semiwoody composition adorned with sharply pointed pyramidal thorns.
The excessive disposal of durian rinds during the durian season raises environmental concerns. The rind of durian are highly cellulose-containing, according to research done in Thailand on using durian peels to make particleboard with lower heat conductivity [1]. Particleboard, also known as chipboard in the UK, Australia, and some other countries, is an engineered wood product made by pressing and extruding wood particles- such as wood chips, sawdust, or shavings from sawmills- with a synthetic resin or other appropriate binder. A variety of polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and pectin, make up the majority of the plant cells in durian [2].
This agricultural waste might also be used to make a low-cost sorbent that would remove acid dye from aqueous solutions by acting as a gelling agent, tablet disintegrator, and binder[3]. The water-soluble polysaccharide fraction from the rind of durian trees that has a high pectin content is particularly interesting [4] 1. Research objective - The process of extracting pectin from durian rind. - The properties of pectin.
- Optimization parameters of extraction conditions. Object and scope of the research - Research Object: Pectin extracted from durian rind 2 - Scope of the study: This study was carried out on a laboratory scale 1. Research content - Research the process of extracting pectin from durian rind, and optimization parameters of extraction conditions - Study the properties of pectin: ash and moisture content, total anhydrouronic acid content, degree of esterification, morphology properties 1. Scientific and practical significance - Provide complete pectin extraction process.
This serves as a premise for further studies. - Research the factors affecting the extraction process in order to improve the efficiency and quality. - Enhance the value and widen the range of applications of durian rind 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Introduction about pectin Pectin is a powder that ranges in color from white to light brown and is commonly made from apple pomace and citrus peel.
Although pectin was once only accessible as a liquid extract, its use as a dried powder has increased since it is easier to handle, store, and transport. As a water-soluble fiber that is used in a variety of food products, including ice cream, jam, yogurt drinks, and fruity milk drinks. Pectins are also included as nutritional supplements because of their possible health benefits. Multiple research studies have documented the advantageous impacts of a diet rich in fiber on various areas.