MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION GRADUATION THESIS FOOD TECHNOLOGY CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF MACADAMIA OIL CAKE FORTIFIED COOKIES AND BREADS LECTURER: HOANG VAN CHUYEN, PHD STUDENTS: DO LE ANH DUY NGUYEN THANH NGAN SKL 009677 Ho Chi Minh City, February 2023 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT Thesis code: 2022-18116006 CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF MACADAMIA OIL CAKE FORTIFIED COOKIES AND BREADS DO LE ANH DUY Student ID: 18116006 NGUYEN THANH NGAN Student ID: 18116023 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: Hoang Van Chuyen, PhD. Ho Chi Minh City, February 2023 GRADUATION THESIS ASSIGNMENT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, we would like to express our deepest thanks to our supervisor, Dr Hoang Van Chuyen for his guidance, patience, support throughout this research. My thanks also go to all the lecturers at the Department of Food Technology, the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education. Without accumulated useful knowledge that we learned, we could not ever complete this research.
We also send thanks to the lab manager at the Department of Food Technology, the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology for helping us with chemicals and equipment. Finally, we truly appreciate the support and encouragement of our family and friends throughout the research. Your support and encouragement are our motivations to face difficulties. Due to our limited knowledge and experience, errors and flaws cannot be avoided.
Hence, your comments will help us to complete and develop a lot. We’re looking forward to your comments. iv DISCLAIMER v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS GRADUATION THESIS ASSIGNMENT. v LIST OF FIGURES.
xx LIST OF TABLES. xxi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. xxiii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .4 Research object and research scope .1 Overview of macadamia oil cake .1 Origin and distribution of academia trees .2 Production situation and consumption situation of macadamia nuts .3 Structure of macadamia nuts .4 Chemical compositions of macadamia nuts .5 Health benefits of macadamia nuts.2 Overview of bread .1 Definition of bread: .2 Classification of bread: .3 Nutrition value of bread:. Overview of cookies .1 Definition of cookie .2 Classification of cookies.3 Nutrition value of cookies .4 Research situations of cookies and bread fortified with nuts and oil cake .1 Domestic research situation .2 International research situation.
14 Chapter 3: MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS.1 Materials and equipment .1 Preparation of cookies fortified with macadamia oil cake .2 Preparation of bread fortified with macadamia oil cake .3 Evaluation of physical parameters. 27 Chapter 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION .1 Chemical composition of Macadamia oil cake powder .2 Effect of MOC fortification on quality characteristics of cookies .1 Changes in color values of cookies .2 Effect of MOC substitution on physical properties of cookies .3 Chemical composition of MOC cookies .4 Sensory evaluation of MOC cookies .5 Microbiological quality of MOC cookies (M15) .3 Effect of MOC fortification on quality characteristics of bread .1 Effect of MOC substitution on physical properties of MOC bread .2 Effect of MOC substitution ratio on color of bread .3 Chemical composition of MOC bread .4 Sensory evaluation of MOC bread .5 Microbiological quality of MOC bread (S20). 42 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 52 xix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.
1 World macadamia consumption (t) (2003). 2 Photographs of an entire Macadamia integrifolia seed. 3 A few types of cookies. 4 Cookies market size from 2015-2025 (USD Billion).
5 Cookies market share by region in 2018. 1 MOC powder processing. 2 MOC cookies processing flowchart. 3 MOC bread processing flowchart.
4 Demonstration of diameter measuring (left) and thickness measuring (right). 1 Color of 4 different ratios of MOC fortified cookie samples. 2 Color of 4 different ratios of MOC bread samples. 39 xx LIST OF TABLES Table 2.
1 World macadamia production and exports. 2 Nutritional value of raw macadamia nuts. 3 Sweet bread nutrition facts in 100g bread. 4: Butter cookie nutrition facts in 30g cookies.
1 Nutrition fact of Bakers’ Choice All Purpose flour (number 11). 2 Materials used and the company where they are produced. 3 Design of composition of cookies. 4 Design of composition of bread.
1 Chemical composition of MOC powder. 2 Color parameters of MOC cookies. 3 The data of physical properties of MOC fortified cookies. 4 Chemical composition of MOC cookies.
5 Mineral content of MOC cookies. 6 Sensory evaluation of MOC cookies. 7 Microbiological parameters of MOC cookies (M15). 8 The data of physical properties of MOC bread.
9 Color parameters of MOC bread. 10 Chemical composition of MOC bread. 11 Mineral content of MOC bread. 12 Sensory evaluation of MOC bread.
13 Microbiological parameters of MOC bread (S20). 42 xxi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MOC: Macadamia oil cake M0: Control cookie sample M15: Cookie sample fortified with 15% of Macadamia oil cake M20: Cookie sample fortified with 20% of Macadamia oil cake M25: Cookie sample fortified with 25% of Macadamia oil cake S0: Control bread sample S15: Bread sample fortified with 15% of Macadamia oil cake S20: Bread sample fortified with 20% of Macadamia oil cake S25: Bread sample fortified with 15% of Macadamia oil cake MUFA: Monounsaturated fat xxii ABSTRACT Macadamia oil cake (MOC) is a byproduct of macadamia oil production but it can be considered as a promising ingredient for producing other foods due to its high nutritional value. In this research, effects of addition with different ratios of Macadamia oil cake (10, 15, 20 and 25%) on physical properties (color and texture), nutritional composition (moisture content, protein content, fat content, fiber and energy value) and sensory quality of bread and cookies were investigated. The fortification of MOC results in the increases of protein, ash and fat content, while carbohydrate content, by contrast, decreased in both cookies and bread.
Regarding the physical properties, the specific volume and springiness of bread was significantly affected by the MOC fortification while no significant change in the hardness of both bread and cookies was observed (p<0. The thickness and breaking strength of cookies showed significant differences between the fortified samples and the control while diameter, and spread ratio did not reveal any changes. For the sensory quality of fortified breads, the differences in color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability among 4 levels of MOC addition were insignificant, except taste score. In contrast, score of color, flavor, texture, taste, except overall acceptability of fortified cookies witnessed a significant difference (p<0,05).
The microbiological analyses also confirmed that the fortified cookie and bread products can satisfy the microbial safety standards. The obtained results suggest that the fortification with 15% of MOC should be selected for developing cookie products, which have 9. In addition, the bread sample with 20% fortified MOC should also be developed, which have 9. xxiii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Macadamia oil cake (MOC) is a byproduct of Macadamia oil production.
The extraction of macadamia oil normally uses cold pressing method (Navarro & Rodrigues, 2016). Because of their high nutritional value and protein content (15% to 50%), the seed and nut cakes are commonly utilized as cattle feedstuffs. In addition to the potential nutritional value, the macadamia oil cake can also produce typically attractive flavors so it is suggested to be used as an ingredient to improve sensory quality of food products (Sarkis et al. MOC was found to contain 24.
MOC crude fiber was also reported to reach the amount of 24.9% (Acheampong-Boateng et al. Macadamia oil cake has been successfully studied and applied as an alternative protein source for poultries and ruminants. A study determining the effects of different dietary inclusion levels of MOC showed that he MOC addition positively affected on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs (Acheampong-Boateng et al. In addition, other studies also reported promising results in the replacement of corn, soymeal, wheat with macadamia oil cake in feedstuff.
Macadamia oil cake was reported to be high in fiber, rich in essential nutrients, high lipid residue and positive role of fiber in gut health (Yadav & Jha, 2021). Those studies’ research subjects are feedstuffs while macadamia oil cake is a potential nutrient source to apply in human foods. These sources can be used to make bakery products such as cake, cookie, bread, etc. Thus, this research will focus on making macadamia oil cake fortified cookies and bread, as well as improve their nutritional and sensory qualities of those products.2 Research hypothesis Nutritional composition in macadamia oil cake can contribute to nutritional value of bread and cookies.
Protein content and fat content from MOC fortifications will affect the structural properties of bread and cookies. The addition of macadamia oil cake may help improve sensory quality of bread and cookies.3 Research objectives Determine chemical composition of macadamia oil cake. Evaluate the effect of MOC addition on color, texture, physical properties, sensory properties and nutritional composition of bread and cookies. Determine the most suitable ratio of macadamia oil cake in bread and cookies.4 Research object and research scope 1.1 Research object - Macadamia oil cake obtained from hydraulic pressing.
- Macadamia oil cake fortified cookies and bread.2 Research scope - Investigating nutritional and sensory qualities of bread and cookies on different levels of macadamia oil cake addition.1 Scientific significance Evaluate the effect of MOC addition on physical properties of cookies and bread. Evaluate the effect of MOC addition on nutritional and sensory quality of cookies and bread. Result from this result would be useful to develop MOC products manufacturing.2 Practical significance Practical application in producing MOC bakery products. Increasing nutritional quality of cookies and bread.
Improve sensory quality of cookies and bread.1 Overview of macadamia oil cake 2.1 Origin and distribution of academia trees The macadamia nut is known as the Australia’s only commercial food crop indigenous and the world’s finest nuts due to its unique, delicate flavor, crunchy texture. Macadamia is in the Proteaceae family and found to include 5 species in Australia, and 10 species in other parts of the world. Only 2 of 4 southern Macadamia species are edible, the smooth-shelled M. integrifolia and the rough-shelled M.intergrifolia has been developed commercially.intergrifolia is native species of the subtropical rainforest in the south-east region of Queenland, and it is distributed between 25.
Sclerophyllous leaves and dense clusters of fine, proteoid roots allow the tree to adapt the harsh environments The world macadamia production takes place between 0° and 32° latitudes. Hawaii is leading nation in macadamia cultivation with the 9000h in production (Stephenson, 2005).2 Production situation and consumption situation of macadamia nuts Of all tree nuts consumption, the macadamia nuts consumption is only 3%. For instance, if there are 650,000 t of almonds, 370,000 t of walnuts, 330,000 t of hazelnuts, 250,000 t of cashews, 200,000 t of pistachios and 110,000 t of pecans are consumed, only 25,000 t of macadamia nuts are consumed. 1 World macadamia consumption (t) (2003) Australia exports about 50% the world’s macadamia.
Expansion of plants is growing massively, particularly in Australia and South Africa (Stephenson, 2005). 1 World macadamia production and exports.3 Structure of macadamia nuts Figure 2. 2 Photographs of an entire Macadamia integrifolia seed The photographs above show the hilum, the micropyle and the outer suture (a, b). Light brown speckles form an individual pattern on the surface of each shell (b).
Photographs of seed coats cut normal (c) and parallel (d) to the outer suture show a locally varying thickness of the shell. 4 The ‘‘normal’’ section (c) exhibits a nearly constant thickness, while the shell thickness of the ‘‘parallel’’ section (d) varies. (Schüler et al.