VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES HOW TO IMPROVE THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF SPOKEN ENGLISH TO PRE- INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH LEARNERS AT AFU FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTRE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) Supervisor : ÑAËNG THÒ HÖÔÛNG, EdD Student : VOÕ THÒ PHÖÔNG OANH Ho Chi Minh, 2005 1 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis entitled “How to improve the teaching and learning of spoken English to pre-intermediate English learners at AFU foreign language centre” is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution. Ho Chi Minh City, September 10, 2005 Vo Thi Phuong Oanh i 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my deep gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr Dang Thi Huong, who provided valuable comments and support in the preparation and completion of this thesis. Without her encouragement and constant guidance, I could not have finished it.
She was always there to meet and talk about my ideas, and to ask me good questions to help me think through my problems. I am greatly indebted to all my teachers for their dedication and helpful instruction during the course. I would take this opportunity to send my special thanks to all those who helped in the study, in particular, Ms. Do Chau Cuc Phuong, Ms.
Vo Thi Nu Anh, Ms. Le Thi Ngan Vang and Mr. Le Hoang Dung for their help with the data collection for the study; all the learners participating in the study for their cooperation; and all my colleagues and my friends for their unfailing support, friendship and enjoyable company. Last, but not least, thanks go to my family; to my parents who continue to give of themselves so that their children will prosper; to my brother and sister for their love, understanding and support.
ii 3 ABSTRACT This thesis aims 1) to investigate the EFL speaking problems and activities of the pre-intermediate learners at one of the foreign language centres, Agriculture and Forestry University in Ho Chi Minh City; 2) to examine factors affecting their communicative competence in the target language; and 3) to suggest a way in which speaking may be more effectively taught and learnt. Both quantitive and qualitive research methods were employed in this study. 114 questionnaires were delivered to the learners at one of the foreign language centres to get their ideas about learning spoken English. Interviews were also conducted with eight teachers working at AFU foreign language centre so that their experiences as well as recommendations in conducting oral English class can be obtained to improve the learners’ English speaking ability.
The results of the study revealed that (1) the learners’ previous language learning experience and affective factors such as anxiety, shyness, self-esteem; their fear of making mistakes; and their shortage of vocabulary prevent them from taking part in speaking activities in the classroom; (2) the learners lack learning environment to practise spoken English, and (3) the learners are still unfamiliar with communication skills or strategies in the target language. The study also emphasizes the importance of communicative approach in teaching speaking skill. iii 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Certificate of originality i Acknowledgement ii Abstract iii Table of contents iv List of tables vi List of figures vii Abbreviations viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Background to the study 1 1.
The aims of the study 4 1. Overview of the study 5 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2. The role of speaking in the four language skills. The differences between spoken language and written language10 2.
Factors influencing EFL learners’ oral communication 20 2. Teaching methods often used in Vietnam 28 2. The Grammar-translation method 28 2. The Communicative Approach 29 5 2.
The roles of teachers and learners 30 iv 2. The important roles of teaching materials 32 2. Summary 34 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 35 3. Characteristics of subjects 37 3.
Data collection procedures 43 3. Summary 43 Chapter 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 45 4. Learners’ responses to the questionnaire 45 4. Teachers’ responses to interviews 56 4.
Summary 67 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68 5. Summary 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY 75 APPENDIX 1 Questionnaire (in Vietnamese) 80 APPENDIX 2 Interview with Vietnamese teachers of English at AFU foreign language centers 84 APPENDIX 3 Role plays 85 APPENDIX 4 Games 87 6 v LIST OF TABLES Page 2.1: Classification of Communication Strategies 19 3.1: Summary of the questionnaire informants’ characteristics 38 3.2: Summary of the interview informants’ characteristics 39 4.1: Learners’ frequency of practising English skills in classroom 46 4.2: Learners’ frequency of practising spoken English outside classroom48 4.3: Learners’ difficulties in English-speaking class 50 4.4: Learners’ difficulties in speaking with foreigners 51 4.5: Learners’ obstacles in managing conversations with foreigners 52 4.6: Learners’ favourite classroom activities 55 7 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page 4.1: Learners’ enjoyment of English speaking 46 4.2: Learners’ feeling about English speaking 49 4.3: Learners’ favourite group activities 54 8 vii ABBREVIATIONS CUP: Cambridge University Press OUP: Oxford University Press EFL: English as a Second Language AFU: Agriculture and Forestry University L2: Second Language CSs: Communication Strategies TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language CLT: Communicative Language Teaching 9 Viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION This study investigates the speaking problems and activities of Vietnamese learners of English at one of the foreign language centres at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Ho Chi Minh City and examines factors influencing their communicative competence. It is hoped that the findings will help to improve the learners’ speaking ability in the target language.
This chapter presents the background to the study, the aims and the overview of the thesis. Background to the study Vietnamese economy system has changed dramatically after the “open- door” policy was implemented in 1986. These changes have not only invited many foreign investors and visitors to Vietnam but also provided Vietnamese with opportunities to go abroad. As a result, the number of Vietnamese who needs English for employment, education, and especially for international communication has sharply increased.
That’s why in recent years, English has been taught not only in schools, universities, but also in most foreign language centres. “English has undergone explosive growth, hundreds of language centres have been established all over the country with an overwhelming majority of Vietnamese learners studying English” (Nguyen Ngoc Quang, cited in Do Huy Thinh, 1996: 4). 10 Along with the changes in the consideration of English, the needs and requirements of Vietnamese learners when learning English have changed. In the past, they wanted to be good at grammar, to acquire as much vocabulary as possible so that they could read, understand and even write written documents in English.
Nowadays, because of getting more opportunities for direct interaction with foreigners, they need English for daily communication more than before. At present, Vietnamese learners really want to improve their English speaking ability. In almost all cases English speaking environment for EFL learners in Vietnam now is classroom. There is almost no place better than the classroom where the learners can practise spoken language.
Dang Thi Huong (2000) shows that even learners majoring in English at the University of Social Sciences & Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City used 80% English and 20% Vietnamese inside the classroom while they were likely to use only 20% or 30% English and 80% or 70% Vietnamese outside the classroom. The problem is more serious when speaking classes at foreign language centres in Ho Chi Minh City are usually big ones, with the total number of learners about 50 or more. AFU foreign language centre is regarded as one of the popular foreign language centres in Ho Chi Minh City, which mainly prepares learners for the TOEFL. It usually offers basic courses in five areas: speaking, listening, reading, writing and grammar.
Besides the four main language 11 skills which are often taught in other foreign language centres, grammar is added because of the requirement of the TOEFL. These courses are conducted at different levels (labeled as 100A & B, 200A & B, 300A & B, 400A & B, 500A & B, and 600) which we consider elementary (100A & B), pre-intermediate (200A & B), intermediate (300A & B), pre- advanced (400A & B), and advanced (500A & B, 600). Each course lasts 12 weeks, including 108 periods. Learners usually take a placement test before learning at the centre, which may help to confirm that the learners’ English competence in each class, to some extent, is even.
The school facilities of AFU foreign language centre doesn’t contribute to an ideal environment for practising spoken English. Although the classrooms are large, spacious, bright and equipped with cassette players, the fixed tables and chairs in the classrooms prevent learners from mingling and engaging group discussion, thus limiting their oral interaction. Most of the pre-intermdiate learners at the centre are aging from 20 to 39, two thirds of whom are female. They all have studied English for at least one year.
Their speaking lesson at AFU foreign language centre consists of three periods a week, about 25 % of the total amount of learning time. In this study I chose the pre-intermediate learners as my target group because after teaching English at the centre for nearly three years, I notice that a great number of the learners of this level have problems in speaking English and there are accordingly quite a lot 12 of errors in their oral communication in the target language. I am aware that their speaking problems stem from their poor communicative competence including grammatical competence, discourse competence, sociolinguistic competence and strategic competence. They usually undergo communication breakdowns because of missing grammar, missing vocabulary, or having pronunciation problems; they don’t know why and when to use formal, informal or neutral styles; they find it difficult in opening, closing or maintaining a conversation; and they lack the abilities of managing a conversation, etc.
This is a puffling question for EFL teachers. What should we do to help our learners? I think it is necessary to examine the factors affecting learners’ oral communication, components underlying speaking proficiency, and specific skills or strategies used in communication in order to provide effective guidance in developing competent Vietnamese speakers of English. While a lot of researches study the speaking abilities of the English-majors, the problem of non-English majors who really want to improve their English speaking proficiency is not paid enough attention. So it is hoped that this thesis will bring about benefits to both teachers and learners in their teaching and learning English as an important subject.
The aims of the study The aims of this study are: 1. to investigate the pre-intermediates’ problems in studying spoken English at one of the foreign language centres, Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Ho Chi Minh City; 13 2. to examine factors influencing the AFU learners’ communicative competence; and 3. to give recommendations to improve the teaching and learning of the speaking skill at foreign language centres at AFU.
Overview of the study This study consists of five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction providing background information to the study. Chapter Two presents the literature review to the study which consists of theoretical background and related studies. Chapter Three mentions the methodology employed including research questions, research design, characteristics of the subjects, instruments and implementation of the study.
Chapter Four reports the results of the study and discussion of the findings. Chapter Five presents suggestions to the improvement of teaching and learning of spoken English and the teaching materials used at the foreign language centre of Agriculture and Forestry University. LITERATURE REVIEW In Chapter One, the background information to the study has been presented.