HANOI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN THI LE THU USING ENGLISH SONGS IN TEACHING LISTENING COMPREHENSION TO FIRST-YEAR NON-ENGLISH MAJORS: ACTION RESEARCH AT HOA LU UNIVERSITY SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN TESOL Supervisor: Assoc. VÕ ĐẠI QUANG Hanoi, November 2017 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this master thesis and this thesis contains no section copied in whole or in part from any other source unless explicitly identified in quotation marks and with detailed, complete and accurate referencing. Except where specific reference is made in the main text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material extracted in whole or in part from a thesis, dissertation or research paper presented by me for another degree or diploma. No other person’s work (published or unpublished) has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis.
This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. The research reported in this thesis was approved by Hanoi University. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my immense gratitude to all the people who contributed in some way to the work described in this thesis. First and foremost, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my academic supervisor, Assoc., Vo Dai Quang, PhD.
who has supported me throughout my thesis with his dedicated supervision, precious guidance, practical suggestions, patience and constructive feedback whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the level of my Master degree to his encouragement and effort and without him this thesis, too, would not have been completed or written. I would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to academic staff of Department of Foreign Languages and Informatics at Hoa Lu University for creating a favorable condition for me to implement this study. I also would like to thank all of the students in class D9KTA for taking part in this study by answering the questionnaires and follow-up tests.
Last but not least, I thank my family for their love, understanding, encouragement and support throughout my research journey. Without all these people, this thesis would never have been completed. 3 ABSTRACT How can I improve students’ listening comprehension skill in an English-as-a- Foreign-Language (EFL) setting? This question has always puzzled me during the time that I have been teaching students at Hoa Lu University (HLU). This thesis is to report the main results of a research project which aims to investigate the effectiveness of using songs in improving students’ listening comprehension.
This action research specifically examines the common problems that the students have in learning listening comprehension, and the extents to which songs can improve students’ listening comprehension skills. The research was carried out through the use of questionnaires and tests. The data were analyzed using mainly descriptive statistics method to determine the best statistical technique to interpret the results. The results of the study reveal that the use of songs not only helps the students improve their listening comprehension but also stimulates and increases the students’ interest to learn, enjoy and engage in the learning process.
Furthermore, it accelerates students’ confidence, learning ability and skills when activities are highly motivated and memorable. Further researchers should extend this study to other participants, larger scope in other training institutions. It is recommended that songs should be used to help improve students’ listening comprehension skills. Key words: listening problems, songs, English listening comprehension, students, effectiveness, attitudes 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 5 LIST OF CHARTS. 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Background to the study.
Aims of the study. Significance of the study. 16 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Definitions of listening skills.
The importance of listening. Models of Listening. Major principles in teaching listening comprehension. Difficulties to acquire listening skills.
Using English songs in teaching listening skills. Definition of song. Rationales for using songs in ELTs. The Criteria of Song Selection.
The Role of Choosing Song. The Benefits of Songs. Previous empirical studies on using songs in teaching listening comprehension. Definitions of Action Research.
What are purposes of teacher action research?. Why does a teacher need to do action research?. When is action research used?. Setting and Subjects of Research.
Technique of Data Collection. Data Collection Procedures. Technique of Data Analysis. 35 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Data from questionnaire 1:. Data from questionnaire 2. 50 6 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Major findings of the study.
Major findings from the pre-data. Major findings from the post-data. Using English songs in teaching listening comprehension as an extra listening activity. Using listening comprehension activities appropriately and flexibly to check students’ outside class listening.
Encouraging the students’ internal factors. Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further study. 62 APPENDIX 1: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 1.
62 APPENDIX 2: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 2. 64 APPENDIX 3: PRE-TEST. 65 APPENDIX 4: POST-TEST. 66 APPENDIX 5: ACTION IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE.
67 APPENDIX 6: LESSON PLAN SAMPLE. 69 APPENDIX 7: HANDOUT 1- Students’ guide. 72 APPENDIX 8: Teachers’ guide. 74 APPENDIX 9: HANDOUT 2- Students’ guide.
76 APPENDIX 10: HANDOUT 3- Students’ guide. 78 7 LIST OF CHARTS Chart 4.1: Students’ opinion about the importance of listening Page 36 comprehension Chart 4.2: Factors affecting students’ listening comprehension Page 37 Chart 4.3: Students’ comments about the listening tasks in the Page 39 textbook New English File Pre-intermediate Chart 4.4: Students’ opinions about how to develop their Page 40 listening comprehension skills Chart 4.5: Students’ opinions about the benefits of using songs Page 41 in learning listening Chart 4.6: Students’ results in pre-test Page 42 Chart 4.7: Students’ opinions about using songs in learning Page 43 listening that the teacher applied Chart 4.8: The difficulties faced by the students towards songs Page 44 as the media in teaching listening comprehension Chart 4.9: Students’ satisfaction in doing listening tasks Page 46 Chart 4.10: Students’ frequency in listening to English songs Page 46 after learning listening through English songs Chart 4.11: Students’ opinions on the advantages of learning Page 47 listening through English songs Chart 4.12: Students’ results in post-test Page 49 Chart 4.13 Comparison of the pre-test and post-test results of Page 49 students in class D9KTA 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AR Action research EFL: English as a foreign language ESL: English as a second language HLU: Hoa Lu University 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the background of the study, the aims of the study. Also, this chapter states the scope, the significance and the organization of the study. Background to the study Inspired from some researches about teaching and learning English as a second and foreign language, especially in listening skills, there are some obstacles faced by students and teachers.
The obstacles are such as using unsuitable methods by the teachers and lack of motivation from the students. Problem existing in students’ poor mastery of English listening skills is most of they have very short attention span and lack of motivation (Tee & Fah, 2005). The teachers have to find the suitable methods to motivate the students in order to make them interested in learning English. So, the goal of teaching listening is hoped can be reached.
As we know we can speak sensibly only if we understand what is said. In fact, people cannot talk if they cannot hear other people’s talk. That simply means there is not enough language input and there is no output. No deaf person can speak clearly because he cannot hear clearly.
Furthermore, listening skill is one of the basics of learning languages and acquiring them is very important in language learning. Moreover, with the development of high technology, we more and more rely on our ears to get information. There is no doubt that the speed of getting information is faster through listening than reading. Thus, it is crucial to improve the level of listening comprehension of the students.
In Vietnam, English as a foreign language has been taught at school, from elementary school to senior high school. Hoa Lu University (HLU) located in Ninh Binh town, which is famous for tourism, is also responsible for the training of skilled students to meet the demand of the society in the process of industrialization and modernization. Therefore, English in the role of a foreign language has become a compulsory subject at HLU as well as many other universities in Vietnam. Most of the HLU students are non –English major ones, using the same English course books, New English File (Elementary, Pre- 11 intermediate, and Intermediate Levels).
Students learn English in the first three semesters. In each semester, they study 75 periods in 15 weeks (5 periods per week). In general, non –English major students have to study General English in the total of 225 periods before studying English for Specific Purposes (ESP) (applying to some majors). The participants in this study had just finished learning New English File elementary and prepared to learn New English File pre-intermediate.
As a foreign language, English has four skills (reading, listening, writing, and speaking) that have to be mastered by the students. From these skills, listening is a skill that felt difficult to be mastered, because it needs more attention and concentration to comprehend the sounds (listening material). It can be said that listening is not a passive skill; the process of listening is a complex process in which many things happen simultaneously inside the mind. Besides being complex, listening is far more difficult than many people can imagine (Mac Yin, 1990).
According to Yaqin (1996), there are some reasons why listening felt difficult to be mastered by the students. First, the students begin to learn English by the way of reading, instead of listening. In fact, reading is different from listening, like writing is different from speech. The biggest difference is that speech consists of sounds.
Listeners must know the sound system; otherwise, they cannot understand speech. Moreover, writing uses different language. Written English consists of neat, correct sentences, while speech does not. Second, the materials on the tape are usually read by English speaking people.
There are different accents, difficult idioms and unfamiliar language chunks in their speaking. This is another difficulty. For the students, their English teachers are usually local people. So the students may not be used to the accents of the foreign people.
It is hard for them to understand native speakers. Third, when English-speaking people speak English, they usually speak at a normal speed. It is too fast for the students to follow. When listening, the students cannot choose a comfortable listening speed; they have to keep pace with the speaker’s thinking process.
So sometimes they have not even got the 12 meaning of the first sentence, before the second sentence has already passed. Their results show that they have missed the whole passage. Fourth, the contents of the tape are not always familiar with the students. Some of them are not relevant to the students.
The students may lack the background knowledge about foreign countries and cultures. So sometimes they cannot understand the material or they may misunderstand the meaning of it. Based on the researcher’s small observation at HLU, the researcher has found that most of the students who enroll in the English and Informatics Department of Hoalu University have serious deficiencies in listening comprehension. This is especially observable when the students take the listening lessons at first year level.
The researcher observed that many students performed poorly in this course. They are unable to comprehend natural spoken English delivered at normal speed because they do not understand the spoken content of the lessons. Frequently such students lose all confidence as foreign language practitioners.