VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE A CASE STUDY OF WORD STRESS PRODUCTION IN SPEAKING PERFORMANCE BY EFL LEARNERS AT A LANGUAGE CENTER IN HO CHI MINH CITY A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in TESOL By HOANG THI DOAN Supervised by NGUYEN THI NHU NGOC, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2022 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE A CASE STUDY OF WORD STRESS PRODUCTION IN SPEAKING PERFORMANCE BY EFL LEARNERS AT A LANGUAGE CENTER IN HO CHI MINH CITY A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in TESOL By HOANG THI DOAN Supervised by NGUYEN THI NHU NGOC, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2022 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: A CASE STUDY OF WORD STRESS PRODUCTION IN SPEAKING PERFORMANCE BY EFL LEARNERS AT A LANGUAGE CENTER IN HO CHI MINH CITY In terms of the statement of Requirements for the Thesis in Master’s Program issued by the Higher Degree Committee. The thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other situations.
Ho Chi Minh City, December 2022 HOANG THI DOAN i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Hoang Thi Doan, being the candidate for the degree of Master in TESOL, accept the requirements of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original version of my thesis deposited in the library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the library for the care, loan or reproduction of the thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, December 2022 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped and supported me during the hard time doing my research and completing this thesis. First, my deepest gratefulness goes to my respectful supervisor, Dr.
Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc, for encouraging me to continuously review literature, write up and revise my thesis and providing me with valuable feedback and precious guidance throughout the tiring stages of doing research and thesis writing. I am also grateful to Dr. Tran Thi Thanh Dieu for her help during my first step to come up with the research. I am thankful for the continuous support that the management of the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature provided when I was working on my thesis.
My genuine appreciation also goes to my colleagues, for all the generous and enthusiastic support and the invaluable and professional advice they have given to help me better understand the issue under investigation. Last but not least, I am very grateful to my incomparably caring and loving family for always being by my side to cheer me up when I suffered stress from my work and study. Without the encouragement, support and guidance provided by those named or unlisted, I would not have completed this Master’s Thesis. I appreciate all iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY.
i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. vi LIST OF TABLES. vii LIST OF FIGURES.
ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .2 AIMS OF THE STUDY .4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .6 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS. 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .2 Features of word stress .3 Analysing word stress using the PRAAT application .4 Factors affecting word stress production in speaking performance .4 ENGLISH COURSES AND MATERIALS .6 PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION .7 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE. 31 iv CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .2 Native language/Mother tongue influence .6 Amount of support .7 Motivation and concern for good pronunciation .8 Standard of performance/ Pressure to perform well.1 Students’ word stress production in speaking performance .2 Factors affecting students’ word stress production in speaking performance .1 SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY. 65 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A2 level Elementary level EFL English as a Foreign Language ELT English language teaching CEFR Common European framework of reference for languages HCMC Ho Chi Minh City RP Standard pronunciation or Received Pronunciation vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of features of word stress by scholars .2 Extensive speaking performance tasks .3 Factors affecting word stress production in speaking performance .2 The summary of the research procedures .1 Loudness comparison of the word “admire” between RP and students’ samples .2 Pitch comparison of the word “admire” between RP and students’ samples .3 Duration comparison of the word “admire” between RP and students’ samples .4 Loudness comparison of the word “inside” between RP and students’ samples .5 Summary of the factors affecting word stress production in speaking performance.
45 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Illustration of the frequency of the sound .2 Illustration of pitch (blue line) and loudness (yellow line) of the sound .3 Illustration of duration of the sound .4 Platform of the PRAAT application .5 The conceptual framework of the study .1 Spectrogram of pitch (blue line) and loudness (yellow line) comparison of the word “admire” between RP (left) and student’s samples (right) .2 Spectrogram of pitch (blue line) and loudness (yellow line) comparison of the word “person” between RP (left) and student’s samples (right) .3 Spectrogram of pitch (blue line) and loudness (yellow line) comparison of the word “owner” between RP (left) and student’s samples (right). 39 viii ABSTRACT Word stress has much been concerned in learning English as a foreign language (EFL). As it is one of the essential factors in pronunciation, focusing on word stress helps EFL learners with intelligibility in communication. This study was conducted to discover the word stress production in speaking performance of 23 EFL students at level A2 (based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) through oral presentation and storytelling - at a language center in Vietnam as well as some factors affecting their word stress production in speaking performance.
Using the PRAAT software, the researcher compared the student pronunciation with RP, paying particular attention to disyllabic words created by students. The findings showed that, regardless of other aspects of pronunciation, students at the language center under investigation lacked sufficient knowledge and proficiency in word stress, which led to certain word stress errors in their speaking performance. Using the students’ semi-structured interviews, the researcher found out a number of factors including topical knowledge, planning, motivation, and concern for proper pronunciation, pressure when presenting, students' lack of exposure, as well as mother tongue influence, were found to have an impact on students' word stress production. The results contribute to understanding of how the EFL learners produced word stress in speaking performance in forms of oral presentation and storytelling and some possible factors affecting their word stress production in speaking performance.
Thus, the findings help suggest some important implications for learning and teaching with respect to word stress, as well as relevant research. Keywords: word stress production, speaking performance, oral presentation, storytelling, factors affecting word stress production ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Being used for a variety of purposes in different fields, English is the most common language that students of all ages around the world are studying. English has been learned for immigration to an English-speaking country, for travelling purposes or entertainment, and has been used widely as a mediating language of international business (Harmer, 2007). Obviously, the ultimate goal of learning English is for students to be able to communicate with English speakers, both native and non-native ones.
Among three language areas, pronunciation is definitely an important factor in speaking as it interferes with communication. Pronunciation is associated with understandability or intelligibility, as "pronunciation is a central factor in students' success in making themselves understood" (Avery and Ehrlich, 1992). Pronunciation is put into two categories: the segmental features (consonant and vowel sounds) and the suprasegmental ones (stress, rhythm, and intonation) (Celce-Murcia et al., 2014), so it is important to know about and practice both segmental and suprasegmental features. Both of the features work together to make pronunciation understandable to listeners (Yoshida, 2013).
Word stress is one of the suprasegmental features of pronunciation, and also a must for learners to acquire to be successful in speaking. Benrabah (1997, as cited in Levis, 2018) concludes that native as listeners tend to impose their interpretation based on their “aural expectancies” relying heavily on the stress pattern produced and totally disregarding segmental information. Kenworthy (1988) states experiments have demonstrated that often when a native speaker mishears a word, it is because the foreigner has put the stress in the wrong place, not because he or she mispronounced the sounds of the word. Furthermore, O’Brien (2019) mentions that a number of 1 previous studies have demonstrated the importance of accurate lexical stress assignment in being understood (e., Caspers, 2010; Trofimovich and Isaacs, 2012).
The experimental study by Hahn (2004) shows the importance of primary stress and its effect, not only on intelligibility, but also sociolinguistically, in terms of role relationships in discourse (as cited in Hodgetts, 2020). Sharing the same viewpoint, Yoshida (2013) said “It’s very important for learners to put the stress in the right place. If the wrong syllable is stressed, listeners may not be able to understand what word is being said.” However, it can often be a difficult area for learners of English to master successfully and one which is problematic for teachers of pronunciation to embrace in their teaching (Field, 2005, as cited in Checklin, 2012). An investigation in Vietnam by Nguyen (2007) revealed numerous difficulties of students in English pronunciation study, including not placing stress or misplacing stress on a word syllable declared by 91% of the students.
It is also among the aspects of pronunciation which needs to be considered while “lacking knowledge of pronunciation is one of the factors inhibiting students’ speaking performance” (Doan, 2012). As it is crucial for both the listeners and speakers of English to comprehend, students should pay attention to their word stress in speaking to ensure intelligibility in communication. In the language center where the study was conducted, speaking skills are among the four skills that students need to achieve at the end of the course, so different types of speaking tasks were employed to help students practice their skills. When speaking English, many EFL learners encounter certain pronunciation issues, one of which is the incorrect production of lexical stress, particularly their inability to produce stress contrasts of multisyllabic words.
Concerningly, the researcher discovered through informal conversations with these learners that they did not appear to be aware of the importance of lexical stress in English pronunciation. 2 Although numerous studies have been conducted in Vietnam to investigate learners' English pronunciation ability, there has been a limited amount of research focusing on suprasegmental aspects, particularly word stress patterns (An, 2010, as cited in Tuan, 2018). Regarding speaking performance, Brown and Abeywickrama (2019) categorize speaking performance into five types, including imitative, intensive, responsive, interactive, and extensive. Such types of activities have been utilised in classroom context where students could practice using English in order to boost their communicative competence.
It is the rationale for the researcher to decide to conduct the study entitled “A case study of word stress production in speaking performance by EFL learners at a language center in Ho Chi Minh City”.