VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES ---------- DIFFICULTIES IN TEACHING VOCABULARY TO ELEMENTARY ADULT LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AT THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER OF UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master’s degree in TESOL By LAU MONG THU Supervised by LE HOANG DUNG, PHD HO CHI MINH CITY, November 2012 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I declare this thesis entitled “DIFFICULTIES IN TEACHING VOCABULARY TO ELEMENTARY ADULT LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AT THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER OF UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES” is the result of my own work except as cited in the reference. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and it is not currently submitted in candidature of any other degree. Ho Chi Minh City, November 2012 Lau Mong Thu i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Le Hoang Dung, for his guidance and encouragement during my study.
I’m very grateful for being accepted as his student in this MA program and I really appreciate all his help and suggestions on various drafts of this thesis. Without his valuable advice and support, this thesis could not have been completed on schedule. I would also like to express my full appreciation to all teachers at the foreign language center of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities who helped me so much in my data collection. My special thanks also go to 301 learners learning at this center who agreed to participate in the study.
Additionally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my dear friends for their help and warm encouragement throughout my hard times carrying out the study. Without them, I could not have overcome such times and concentrated on my study. Finally, I am greatly indebted to my family, especially my loving parents for their continuous support during my study. Their love and encouragement helped me overcome the difficult times during the study.
I could not have been able to complete this project without their intense devotion. iii ABSTRACT Vocabulary is admitted to be one of the most important components in learning a foreign language and may possibly be the greatest barrier to many foreign language learners. Although many studies have been made on teaching vocabulary, very few of them concentrated on teaching vocabulary to elementary adult learners. The aim of the study was to explore the major difficulties in teaching vocabulary to elementary adult learners at the foreign language center of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities.
The literature review indicated 20 hypothetical difficulties which were used as a theoretical guide for this study. The participants of the study included 298 learners chosen from all elementary classes and 18 teachers in charge of elementary classes at this center. The data collected from the questionnaires to teachers and learners, and the interviews with teachers were analyzed in terms of frequency, percentages and mean scores. The study found out 16 major difficulties in teaching vocabulary to elementary adult learners at this center.
Learners’ lack of integrative motivation in learning English was found the most difficult among those derived from learners. For difficulties arising from teachers, instructing elementary adult learners to infer word meanings from the immediate context was of the greatest concern. Lack of classroom technology sounded the most influential among those derived from physical classroom environment. Finally, some suggestions were offered in the light of the findings identified in the study.
The suggestions for the administrators, teachers and learners were specifically made to help improve teaching English vocabulary to elementary adult learners at this center. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Statement of authorship. iv Table of contents. v List of tables.
ix List of figures. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. Background to the study. Aims of the study.
Significance of the study. Delimitation of the study. Organization of the study. 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.
Definition of vocabulary. Aspects of vocabulary knowledge. Aspects of teaching vocabulary. Teaching vocabulary to elementary adult learners of English.
Elementary adult learners of English. Hypothetical difficulties in teaching English vocabulary to elementary adult learners. Difficulties arising from learners. Difficulties arising from teachers.
Difficulties arising from physical classroom environment. Conceptual framework of the study. Questionnaire to teacher respondents. Questionnaire to learner respondents.
Interview to teachers. Summary of research tools. Data collection procedure. Procedure for conducting the questionnaires.
Procedure for conducting the interviews. 33 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Analysis of data. Framework of analysis.
Test of reliability. Results of the questionnaire to teacher respondents. Results of the questionnaire to learner respondents. Results of the interview to teachers.
Discussion of results. Difficulties arising from learners. Difficulties arising from teachers. Difficulties arising from physical classroom environment.
Summary of major findings. For the administrators. Recommendations for further study. 86 APPENDIX A Letter to teacher respondents.
86 APPENDIX B Questionnaire to teacher respondents. 87 APPENDIX C Questionnaire to learner respondents (English version). 89 vii APPENDIX D Questionnaire to learner respondents (Vietnamese version). 92 APPENDIX E Interview to teachers.
95 viii LIST OF TABLES Pages Table 2.1 Aspects of vocabulary knowledge .2 Summary of hypothetical difficulties in teaching vocabulary to elementary adult learners .1 Description of teacher respondents .2 Distribution of questions on the questionnaire to teacher respondents .3 Distribution of questions on the questionnaire to learner respondents .4 Distribution of questions in the interview to teachers .5 Summary of research tools .1 Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of the statements included in the questionnaire to teacher respondents .2 Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of the statements included in the questionnaire to learner respondents .3 Difficulties arising from learners .4 Difficulties regarding teaching strategies .5 Frequency of strategies employed to present the vocabulary .6 Frequency of strategies employed to review the vocabulary .7 Degree of the difficulties facing learners in learning vocabulary .8 Learners’ opinion on difficulties derived from teachers’ approaches of vocabulary.9 Learners’ opinion on difficulties derived from their teachers .10 Summary of major findings .1 Summary of major findings and suggestions. 77 ix LIST OF FIGURES Pages Chart 3.1 Distribution of learner respondents by age .2 Distribution of learner respondents by gender .3 Distribution of learner respondents by class .1 Framework of data analysis of the study .2 Difficulties from teachers’ approaches of vocabulary .3 Difficulties arising from physical classroom environment .4 Learners’ difficulties in learning vocabulary .5 Other difficulties facing learners in learning vocabulary .6 Learners’ opinion on difficulties derived from teachers’ strategies of presenting the vocabulary .7 Learners’ opinion on difficulties derived from teachers’ strategies of vocabulary review .8 Other likely difficulties arising from learners.9 Further difficulties arising from teachers .10 Other likely difficulties arising from physical classroom environment. 55 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides the general background and purpose of the study. The research questions are also presented followed by the significance of the study.
The delimitation and organization of the study are provided in the end. Background to the study According to the latest research, English has played a prominent part in Vietnam in recent years. As insisted in Do, Huy Thinh (2006), English proficiency is now seen as a vital requirement for employment as well as economic cooperation and development, especially in higher education either in overseas or at home. The results from the study by Phan, Thi Thanh Hang (2009) also indicated that English will bring people to an international environment, especially regarding employment and study.
She also added that “English is of great importance for seeking jobs in the domestic labor market, especially good jobs and jobs in foreign business and joint ventures as well as a chance to be granted a scholarship” (p. Moreover, it was asserted in Ton, Pham & Vo (2010) that English plays a dominant role in the educational system of Vietnam and is a required subject at school. It implies that English is particularly important compared to many other foreign languages in Vietnam today. Together with the importance of English, the statistics from the previous research that were related to the need to enrich vocabulary also pointed out the significant role of vocabulary in learning a foreign language.
As McCarthy (1992) showed, vocabulary is considered as “the single and biggest component of any language course” (p. It is likely impossible to master a foreign language without learning vocabulary (Schmitt, 2008). There is always a general tendency for all foreign language learners to carry dictionaries, not grammar books when they travel. It is likely that a rich stock of vocabulary will lay the foundation for foreign language 1 learners to be good at other language skills and help them convey their feelings, emotions and ideas to others.
In spite of the crucial importance of vocabulary, the results from previous studies demonstrated the neglect of vocabulary in English language teaching and learning. According to Celce-Murcia (2001), “vocabulary has not always been recognized as priority in language teaching”(p. This viewpoint was totally supported by Richards & Renandya (2002) and Hedge (2008, as cited in Amiryousefi & Dastjerdi, 2010), confirming that “vocabulary was often given little priority and received only incidental attention in textbooks and language programs”. According to Amiryousefi & Dastjerdi, “vocabulary was neglected in language teaching programs and curriculums for the sake of grammar and other parts of language”.
In those cases when vocabulary is taught in foreign language classes, “it is often taught poorly, for example, by presenting word list for memorization” whereas “lexical ignorance is the main obstacle to advancement for the foreign language learners” (Yang & Dai, 2011). For these reasons, it is worth drawing attention to teaching vocabulary, not only in foreign countries but also in Vietnam. In Vietnam, it is known that there have been many studies done on teaching and learning vocabulary recently, for instance the use of games in teaching vocabulary (Nguyen, Vu Thuy Tien, 2006 & Huynh, Huu Hanh Nguyen, 2007), the effectiveness of applying computer aids in teaching vocabulary (Pham, Thi Thuy Van, 2006), an investigation on vocabulary learning strategies of English majors (Huynh, Thi Bich Van, 2007), effective strategies for teaching and learning vocabulary (Tran, Van Duong, 2008), difficulties in teaching vocabulary to students of information technology at Thanh Hoa Teachers’ Training school (Vo, Mai Do Quyen, 2008). However, none of them have concentrated on the context of foreign language center of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities (abbreviated as FLC-USSH).
2 In the context of the FLC-USSH, most of learners are chiefly evening class beginners, regularly at the age of over 18. It is probable that most of these learners come from different faculties of USSH in which English is not officially taught in the curriculum. Additionally, the evening class beginners at this center have been hard at work all day. That might be the reason why they tend to be usually more enthusiastic in the beginning of the course and drop out near the end of the course.
As a teacher, the researcher experienced that many elementary adult learners of English at this center had difficulty with vocabulary and regarded vocabulary as their greatest problem in learning English. Learning vocabulary is a time-consuming and boring activity to them as some of the learned words are forgotten quickly. It, thus, can be seen that vocabulary and the improvement on teaching vocabulary to elementary adult learners are worth being concerned at this center. This is the reason why the study was conducted.
Aims of the study The study is conducted in an attempt to find out the major difficulties in teaching vocabulary to elementary adult learners of English at the FLC-USSH.