DECLARATION I hereby declare that no part of the enclosed Master Thesis has been copied or reproduced by me from any other’s work without acknowledgement and that the thesis is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor. Hanoi, 28, November 2013 Candidate DUONG YEN CHINH i Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis will not have been possible without the invaluable help and assistance I received from my supervisor. So, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Lê Hùng Tiến who guided this research and has been so generous in devoting his time and knowledge to me as well as gave me benefit of his expert knowledge in translation together with his constant encouragement from the beginning stage of carrying out the research proposal to the final stage of completing the thesis.
I thank him for his precious advice, suggestions, understanding and encouragements. I also wish to convey my heartfelt thanks to all lecturers in Faculty of Post Graduate Studies at Hanoi Open University for their useful lectures during my M. Finally, I would also like to thank my family who has been a constant source of encouragement, support, love and care during the course of my writing. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: INTRODUCTION.
Rationale of the study. Aims of the study. Scope of the study. Significance of the study.
Methods of the study. Design of the study. 5 PART II: DEVELOPMENT. 7 Chapter 1: Literature Review.
Definition of idioms. Sources of idioms. Types of idioms. Idioms of encoding.
Functions of idiom. Idioms and other language units. Main features of idioms in English and in Vietnamese. Idioms of comparison in English and Vietnamese.
Identifications of idiom of comparision in English and Vietnamese. Based on component word and phrase. Based on grammatical structure. Structural characteristics of comparative idioms.
30 iii CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY. Sources of data. Method of the study. 34 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.
An investigation into EICs and their Vietnamese translation equivalents. Similes and metaphors in idioms. Pragmatic analyses on English idioms of comparison and their translation Vietnamese. Character and Appearance.
Contrastive analyses of EICs and their Vietnamese equivalents. The cognitive similarities. Same expressions – Same meanings. Possible causes for the differences between EICs and their Vietnamese equivalents.
Differences resulted from lifestyle and living condition. The same components have different meanings. The same animal components have different meanings. Differences in human – related components.
52 PART III: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION. Implication for translation and language teaching. Implications for English language teaching to Vietnamese learners. Difficulties in understanding.
Problems in memorizing. Implications for English – Vietnamese translation. LIST OF ENGLISH IDIOMS OF COMPARISON. Rationale of the study International communication is becoming more popular than ever before.
This is due to the swift process of international integration arising from the interchange of points of view, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture, called globalization phenomenon. This kind of phenomenon has been one of the most prominent helps trigger the need of profound studies about issues of a global language which, obviously, cannot be any other language but symbolic English. In Vietnam, English has long been considered as a tool of international communication, and together with its rising importance, being proficient in using English as a second language is of extreme importance, however, Vietnamese learners usually face a lot of difficulties that prevent them from gaining successful conversations. One of the reasons for these problems lies in the way people perceive and use idioms, especially English idioms of comparison (EIC) compared with their Vietnamese translation equivalents.
Two countries with different cultures will surely have numerous dissimilarities in language and that does not except idioms, especially EIC which play a crucial part in language. Investigating and explaining some similarities and differences between EIC and Vietnamese helps to strongly enhance cultural understanding of Vietnamese and English people. These idioms have a great extent use in everyday language, and their frequent, spontaneous and appropriate use is usually a mark of good English which stands a very strong motive for many researchers to conduct studies on. They tried to analyze, compare and contrast 1 almost EIC and their Vietnamese equivalents.
However, to some extent, they fail to achieve their aims comprehensively. This is due to the discrepancy and disparity of this kind of idiom in the two languages in terms of structure, form and meaning. The matter above has not been comprehensively answered in any studies about idioms before. This is the reason why I decided to make a further study on this topic.
The thesis, “an investigation into English idioms of comparison and their Vietnamese translation equivalents”, is expected to be an interesting and helpful material for foreign language teachers and learners and for people who are interested in idioms in both English and Vietnamese. Aims of the study The study aims at - Gaining an insightful look at symbolic and semantic features of EIC and their equivalents in translation into Vietnamese. - Working out the similarities and differences between EIC and their equivalents in translation into Vietnamese in terms of idiomatic variants and synonymous idioms. Research questions In order to achieve the above aims, there are three research questions need to be answered 1.
What are the most common features of English comparative idioms and their Vietnamese translation counterparts? 2. What are the differences and similarities between EIC and their Vietnamese translation equivalents? 3. What can be possible causes for differences between EIC and their Vietnamese translation equivalents? 2 4. Scope of the study The study is conducted upon comparative analyses of EIC and their Vietnamese translation equivalents.
In this study, the cross- cultural differences view from culture, history, religion and geography etc. EIC are comprehensively compared with Vietnamese translation ones. Significance of the study The significance of this study can be perceived from two major perspectives: 1. Theoretical significance: By comprehensively comparative analyses on main features of EIC and their Vietnamese translation equivalents and the differences and similarities between them, the study contributes to the linguistic theory in general and the pragmatic theory in particular.
Practical significance This study is expected to have a huge contribution to different domains of applied linguistics such aspects as to be able to provide Vietnamese learners of English with better mastering in English translation and English teaching and how to apply this kind of idioms in sensible ways, how to thoroughly understand, effectively and naturally use them in receptive and productive skills. Methods of the study Since EIC and their different features, their Vietnamese translation equivalents could not be found in a unique studies, I 3 have utilized several sources of books, investigation reports and other materials about EIC and Vietnamese equivalents in translation researches in linguistics, in different deixis, in either Vietnamese or English. Most of EIC which are used in this study are collected from different sources including books and website of using English such as the book “English idioms and how to use them” of Jennifer Seldi and W. McMordie or “American English idiomatic expressions in 52 weeks” of John Holleman, and the website www.com with a wide range of idiom categories, their meanings and when to use them.
Meanwhile, EIC’s translation equivalents in Vietnamese are collected from Vietnamese researchers including “tuyển tập thành ngữ - tục ngữ - ca dao” of Nguyen Dinh Hung or “Vietnamese idioms and proverbs” of Bui Hanh Can, Nguyen Bich Hang or “Selected Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, Vietnamese – English bilingual version” by Viet Anh- Tran Quang Man for example. I have also included idiomatic similes and some common idiomatic sayings and proverbs in the analysis. The study consists of two major parts, the theoretical framework and pragmatic, contrastive analyses of EIC in comparison with their Vietnamese translation ones. In the first part, I begin with the term “idiom” as defined in OED and compare the definition given there with its applications by different scholars namely Mahmoud (2000; Ghazala (1995); Baker (1992) which is followed by the development of idioms sources, types, functions etc.
In accordance with idioms collected together with different classification methods from different scholars such as “Idiom and Idiomaticity” of 4 Fernando Chitra (1996), I classify idioms into two major types due to lexemic variety. The second part is deployed through the comparative approach of EIC and Vietnamese translation equivalents. I first bring different dexies using EIC, followed by analyzing each of them by examining EIC and Vietnamese equivalents in translation respectively, compare each couple of Vietnamese – English comparative idioms and how English users choose the right idioms for the right situation. After detailed analyses of pragmatic situations, I continue with contrastive analyses on similarities and differences by comparing elements of an idiom, both in English and Vietnamese such as images of comparison (eg.
hot cake – tôm tươi in “ñắt như tôm tươi – like hot cake), adjectives or verbs used etc. I analyze EIC as a special and challenging element of English translation into Vietnamese which is not only determined through its structure, but which also shows a specific type of behavior in English use. By examining these uses and supported by pragmatic analyses, I hope to create a pragmatic model for EIC and thus provide solution for difficulties in translation of EIC into Vietnamese. Design of the study Part I: Introduction 1.
Rationale of the study 2. Aims of the study 3. Scope of the study 5. Significance of the study 6.
Method of the study 5 7. Design of the study Part II: Development Chapter one: Literature Review and Theoretical Background Chapter two: Methods and Procedures Chapter three: Finding and Discussion Part III: Conclusions and Implications 6 PART II: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Literature Review 1. Definition of idioms Idioms are numerous and they occur frequently in all languages. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in the English language.
Idioms have been being considered as one of the most common expressions that one must acquire to master a language and the first aspect of idiom they need to have a very comprehensive approach to is its definition. In general use, idiom has two main meanings. First, idiom is a particular manner of expressing something in language, music, art, and so on, which characterizes a person or group within a community. Secondly, and much less commonly in English, an idiom is a particular lexical collocation or phrasal lexeme, peculiar to a language.
Hornby (1995) stated in his Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary that an idiom is “a phrase or sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and which must be learnt as a whole unit”. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2006), Hornby changed the definition a little bit, noting that an idiom is “a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words”. Each word certainly has its own meaning. However, words do not just exist separately and individually, they, in fact, also come in groups or expressions.
To put it in a simple way, an idiom is a phrase in which the words together have a meaning that is somehow different from the 7 dictionary definitions of the individual words which define the transparency degree belonging to them. The degree of transparency of an idiom would be determined by the extent to which some of the encyclopaedic information made accessible by these words can actually help the hearer to derive an appropriate overall interpretation. At one end of the transparency spectrum, we find very opaque idioms, for which none of the encyclopaedic assumptions made accessible by the words in the string (separately or in combination) helps with the identification of the speaker’s meaning. As Sam Glucksberg wrote in his book “Understanding Figurative Language” that "Idioms vary in 'transparency': that is, whether their meaning can be derived from the literal meanings of the individual words.