Chiến lược chữa lỗi thích hợp trong các giờ dạy kỹ năng nói cho học sinh lớp 10 tại trường THPT ...

Luận văn thạc sĩ nghiên cứu vnu ulis appropriate error correction strategies in speaking lessons for the 10th form students at, khảo sát thực trạng, phân tích nguyên nhân, đề xuất

2011

58
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

DECLARATION PAGE

ABSTRACT

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TABLES

DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PART I: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aims of the Study

1.2. Scope of the Study

1.3. Research Questions

1.4. Methods of the Study

1.5. Significance of the Study

1.6. Structure of the Study

2. PART II: DEVELOPMENT

2.1. CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1. Approaches to Teaching and Learning Speaking

2.1.2. Fluency versus Accuracy

2.1.3. Errors in Speaking Lessons

2.1.4. Overview of Errors

2.1.4.1. Definitions of Errors

2.2. CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

2.2.1. An Overview of the Research Site

2.2.2. Hoa Lu A High School

2.2.3. Learning Situation in 10th Form

2.2.4. The Subjects of the Study

2.2.5. Data Collection Instruments

2.2.6. Data Collection Procedures

2.2.7. For Classroom Observation

2.3. CHAPTER 3: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

2.3.1. Presentation and Analysis from the Questionnaires

2.3.2. Teachers’ Questionnaires

2.3.3. Presentation and Analysis from Classroom Observation

2.4. CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2.4.1. Findings and Discussions

2.4.2. Teachers’ Awareness of Error Correction

2.4.3. Facts about Error Correction

2.4.4. Problems for Error Correction

2.4.5. Raising Teachers’ Awareness

2.4.6. Making Pre-speaking Activities Meaningful

2.4.7. Redesigning Inappropriate Tasks

2.4.8. Correcting Errors Strategically

2.4.9. Choosing Errors to Correct

2.4.10. Deciding Time to Correct Errors

2.4.11. Diversifying Types of Correction

2.4.12. Applying Different Error-correction Strategies

2.5. CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS

3. PART III: CONCLUSION

3.1. Limitations of the Study

3.2. Suggestions for Further Studies

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Questionnaire for Students

Appendix 2. Questionnaire for Teachers

Appendix 3. Classroom Observation Form

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VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST–GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** BÙI DANH TOÀN APPROPRIATE ERROR-CORRECTION STRATEGIES IN SPEAKING LESSONS FOR THE 10TH FORM STUDENTS AT HOA LU A HIGH SCHOOL (Chiến lược chữa lỗi thích hợp trong các giờ dạy kỹ năng nói cho học sinh lớp 10 tại trường THPT Hoa Lư A) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 HA NOI – 2011 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** BÙI DANH TOÀN APPROPRIATE ERROR-CORRECTION STRATEGIES IN SPEAKING LESSONS FOR THE 10TH FORM STUDENTS AT HOA LU A HIGH SCHOOL (Chiến lược chữa lỗi thích hợp trong các giờ dạy kỹ năng nói cho học sinh lớp 10 tại trường THPT Hoa Lư A) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 Supervisor: Nguyễn Bàng, M. HA NOI - 2011 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com -6- TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION PAGE ……………………………………………………………………………………. ii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TABLES ………………………………………………………………. iv DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS ……………………………………………………………………………… v TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………. vi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Aims of the Study ………………………………………………………………………. Scope of the Study ………………………………………………………………………. Methods of the Study …………………………………………………………………… 2 6. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………………. Structure of the Study …………………………………………………………………… 3 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 4 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………… 4 1. Approaches to Teaching and Learning Speaking ………………………………………. Fluency versus Accuracy …………………………………………………………. Errors in Speaking Lessons ………………………………………………………. Overview of Errors …………………………………………………………………. Definitions of Errors ……………………………………………………………… 5 2. Error versus Mistake………………………………………………………………. Types of Errors ……………………………………………………………………. Error Correction Strategies in Speaking Lessons ………………………………………. Definitions of Error-correction ……………. Error-correction Strategies …………………. Common Approaches to Errors ……………. 11 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Timing of Error-correction…………………. Non-Immediate Correction ……………………………………………. Types of Error-correction ………. Criteria for Selecting Errors ………………………………. Errors Impairing Communication …………………………………………. Errors of High Frequency …………………………………………………. Types of Error-correction Methods ………………………………………………. 16 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES ……………………………………………………. An Overview of the Research Site ……………………………………………………… 17 1. Hoa Lu A High School ……………………………………………………………. Learning Situation in 10th Form …………………………………………………. The Subjects of the Study ………………………………………………………………. Data Collection Instruments ……………………………………………………………. Data Collection Procedures ……………………………………………………………. For Classroom Observation ………………………………………………………. 20 CHAPTER 3: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ………………………………………. Presentation and Analysis from the Questionnaires ……………………………………. Teachers’ Questionnaires ………………………………………………………… 25 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Presentation and Analysis from Classroom Observation ………………………………. 31 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………………………. Findings and Discussions ………………………………………………………………. Teachers’ Awareness of Error Correction ………………………………………. Facts about Error Correction …………………………. Problems for Error Correction …………………………………………………… 33 2. Raising Teachers’ Awareness ……………………………………………………. Getting Insights into Students ………………………………………………. Reducing Error Correction Frequency …………………………………………… 34 2. Making Pre-speaking Activities Meaningful ……………………………………… 34 2. Redesigning Inappropriate Tasks………………………………………. Correcting Errors Strategically …………………………………………………. Choosing Errors to Correct ………………………………………………. Deciding Time to Correct Errors …………………………………………. Diversifying Types of Correction …………………………………………. Applying Different Error-correction Strategies …………………………… 36 3. 37 PART III: CONCLUSION 38 1. Limitations of the Study ………………………………………………………………… 39 4. Suggestions for Further Studies ………………………………………………………… 39 REFERENCES 40 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Questionnaire for Students Appendix 2: Questionnaire for Teachers Appendix 3: Classroom Observation Form LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com -4- LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TABLES 1. Abbreviations CLT Commuonicative Language Teaching COFs Classrom Observation Forms CUP Cambridge University Press EFL English as a Foreign Language ELT English Language Teaching ESL English as a Second Language FL Foreign Language HLA Hoa Lu A IL Interlanguage L1 First Language/Mother Tongue (in this research: Vietnamese) L2 Second Language/ Target Language (in this research: English) OUP Oxford University Press SLA Second Language Acquisition 2. Tables Tables Page Table 1: Students’ judgement on error-correction in their speaking lessons. 30 Table 2: Students’ opinions of effective error-correction methods in speaking lessons. 31 Table 3: Teachers’ judgement on the error-correction in their speaking lessons. 33 Table 4: Teachers’ opinions of effective error-correction methods in speaking lessons. 35 Table 5: The types of errors made and the timing of error-correction. 37 Table 6: The types of correction and the types of correction methods. 38 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com -5- DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS (1) Aims are the underlying reasons for purposes of a course of instruction. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 254) (2) Approach refers to different theories about the nature of language and how languages are learned. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 20) (3) Communicative Competence is the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language in order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 65) (4) Input is language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 182) (5) Language Froficiency refers to the degree of skill with which a person can use a language, such as how well a person can read, write, speak, or understand language. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 204) (6) Linguistic Competence is the knowledge a learner knows about the language. 3) (7) Linguistic Performance is how a learner use the known knowledge in communication. 3) (8) Objectives are descriptions of what is to be achieved in a course. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 253) (9) Speech (Oral) Errors are faults made by speakers during the production of sounds, words and sentences. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 344) (10) Strategy is a procedure used in learning, thinking, etc. which serve as a way of reaching a goal. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 355) (11) Target Language is the language a person is learning, in contrast to a first language or mother tongue. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1987, p. 373) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com -9- PART I: INTRODUCTION I. Rationales Nowadays English plays an important role in socio-economic life. Learning English is necessary for a lot of people. The central of teaching and learning is to perfect four skills of which speaking is probably the most difficult for learners to develop because it requires them to produce the language most of the time spontaneously or without enough time to construct appropriate and correct utterances. Over a long period, considerable attention has been paid to errors and error correction in speaking classes (Ellis, 1994). Different authors have different views. Some consider an error as something natural. They claim that people cannot avoid making errors and even can learn from them. Making errors is a part of learning, and error correction should be done selectively in order to have better results in the classroom. Others, however, regard an error as something negative which must be avoided. As a consequence, language teachers have always adopted a repressive attitude towards it. They usually hold most authority to correct learners‟ errors automatically, regarding the fact that learners value and expect teachers‟ correction. To most language teachers, correcting learners‟ oral errors is one of the most frustrating tasks because it has more potential for subjectivity due to individual variables (Cohen, 1998). In considering the individual variables as influential parts in speaking, error correction is highly challenging and possibly perplexing. Therefore, error correction should be done appropriately; lest, it will discourage learners from learning and practicing the language. It should be noted that although error correction has been the focus of research for a long time, a large number of authors have concentrated mostly on the causes of errors, whether to correct oral error or not and the techniques to correct errors. However, there is little research dealing with appropriate error-correction strategies in general and in speaking classes in particular. The above situation of error correction in speaking classes and the gap of knowledge in the research area have aroused my interest and encouraged me to carry out the study entitled: “Appropriate Error-Correction Strategies in Speaking Lessons for the 10th Form Students at Hoa Lu A High School” II. Aims of the Study The current research occurs in the context of Hoa Lu A (HLA) High School. The major aim of the research is to find out appropriate error-correction strategies in speaking lessons. To be specific, the aims of this thesis are: LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - 10 - + to have insights into error correction, + to look at how teachers correct their students‟ oral errors, + to find out appropriate error-correction strategies in speaking lessons, + to offer some recommendations on correcting oral errors in speaking lessons. Scope of the Study Language generated by learners in either speech or writing is considered productive. Errors occur in either speaking or writing lessons. Due to the limits of time, ability and availability of the data, the researcher intends to investigate the current situation of correcting errors in speaking lessons at HLA High School and find out appropriate error-correction strategies for application in real context. The respondents of this study are limited to the 10th form students at HLA High School, therefore, their opinions of appropriate error-correction strategies in speaking lessons might not be representative of all students at HLA High School in particular and all students learning English nationwide in general. Research Questions To achieve the aims of the study, the following research questions are addressed: 1. What kinds of oral errors are often made by the students in speaking lessons? 2. Who often corrects oral errors? 2. When and how are oral errors corrected in the classroom? 3. What are appropriate error-correction strategies for speaking lessons? V. Methods of the Study To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher reviews the related documents, which is a method to lay the theoretical background of the study. In the study both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. That is the data serving the research analysis and discussion are collected by means of survey questionnaires and classroom observation. Quanlitative method is applied to analyze the results from data collection of the survey questionnaires on the 10th form students and teachers of English at HLA High School. Besides, quatitative method is employed to analyze the data from classroom observation forms (COFs). The COFs are then synthesized and analyzed by the researcher. By using each of the methods, relevant information to support the study will be achieved. Significance of the Study Learners‟ errors are significant to both EFL teaching and learning, for errors are evidence of their learning development. This thesis, therefore, will contribute a new implication to second language acquisition (SLA), particularly, to the area of error correction in speaking classes. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - 11 - Pedagogically, information obtained from this study might help teachers of English get insights into oral errors and oral error correction. From this they adjust their teaching and apply appropriate error-correction strategies to make error-correction more effective. Personally, the researcher himself, as a language teacher, will have a good command of the process of teaching and learning EFL in general and errors and error correction in speaking lessons in particular. These will help to enhance the teaching efficiency. Structure of the Study The study consists of three main parts: Part I, Introduction, consists of the rationale, aims, scope, research questions, research methods, significance and structure of the study. Part II, Development, is organized into five chapters: Chapter 1, Literature Review, presents various concepts relevant to the research topic such as approaches to teaching and learning speaking. The following is the overview of errors which reviews the definitions of errors as well as types of errors. This chapter also includes the views of appropriate error-correction strategies in which, when, what, who and how to correct errors effectively are mentioned in detail.

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