VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN HA SAM AN ACTION RESEARCH ON IMPROVING 10” GRADE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH THE TEACHING OF LEXICAL INFERENCE STRATEGY AT HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIFTED STUDENTS, HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION (NGHIEN CUU HANH DONG VE VIEC NANG CAO KHA NANG M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 6014.0111 Hanoi, 2014 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN HA SAM AN ACTION RESEARCH ON IMPROVING 10” GRADE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH THE TEACHING OF LEXICAL INFERENCE STRATEGY AT HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIFTED STUDENTS, HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION (NGHIEN CUU HANH DONG VE VIEC NANG CAO KHA NANG M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 6014. Võ Dai Quang Hanoi, 2014 DECLARATION I hereby certify that the minor thesis entitled “An Action Research on Improving 10” Grade Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Teaching of Lexical Inference Strategy at High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi National University of Education” is the result of my own work in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English Teaching Methodology at Faculty of Post - Graduate Studies, Hanoi University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University.
The research has not been submitted to any other university or institution wholly and partially. Hanoi, 2014 Nguyen Ha Sam ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc. Vo Dai Quang, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher.
A special word of thanks goes to my students, without whom it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished. Last by not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work. il ABSTRACT This study was intended to investigate the impact of lexical inference strategy on 10" grade students’ reading comprehension ability. More specifically, the researcher strived to (1) examine whether students’ lexical knowledge had any correlation to their reading ability, (2) whether the teaching of lexical inferencing had a positive effect to enhance tenth grade students’ reading comprehension, (3) investigate the students’ attitudes towards the instruction, and (4) propose some recommendations for instructing this strategy to other teachers.
To achieve those abovementioned aims, an action research was conducted with the participation of 46 tenth grade students from a class at High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi National University of Education. The teaching program aimed at instructing the students with lexical inferencing to help them enhance their reading comprehension ability. The study included: (1) pretest and a questionnaire (2) the instruction of lexical inferencing, (3) posttest and a questionnaire, (4) teacher’s notes and students’ learning logs. Later, (5) interviews were included to support the findings.
The main findings of the research were as follows: (1) Lexical competence served as good prediction of reading ability in a foreign language. The higher scores students got in vocabulary tests, the higher scores they received in reading comprehension tests. (2) Overall, the instruction of this vocabulary-learning strategy improved their reading comprehension. (3) Most of the students held positive attitudes towards the instruction of lexical inferencing.
(4) The students had a habit of guessing words from context using local clues or information from around the target word. 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 1: Action Research Model .ccccccccecccecseeeseeeseteceeeeseteceteseeeeeeeceseseeeaeeseseeeneeenneees 18 Table 1: Classification of Reading (SITAf€ĐÏ€S. cv kiệt 7 Table 2: Background Information of the SHj€CÍS. ác St khinh re.
17 Table 3: Procedures of the (SEMđ̃. cv 1 111111111111 1 1H Hư 26 Table 4: Results of Question 1 in the Questionnaire After the Prefesi.---‹ 28 Table 5: Results of Question 2 in the Questionnaire After the Prelesf.---«-«« 28 Table 6: Results of Question 3 in the Questionnaire After the Prelesf.------ 28 Table 7: Results of Question 4 in the Questionnaire After the Prelesf.---«--« 29 Table 8: Results of Question 5 in the Questionnaire After the Prefesf. ---- ---- 29 Table 9: Correlation between the Two Tests Before Lexical Inferencing Instruction.30 Table 10: Correlation between the Two Tests After Lexical Inferencing Instruction .30 Table 11: Percentage of the Students’ Correct Answers in the Pretest and Posttest. 31 Table 12: Results of Question I in the Questionnaire After the Posflest.-- 33 Table 13: Results of Question 2 in the Questionnaire After the Posftesf.-- 33 Table 14: Results of Question 3 in the Questionnaire After the Postfesf.
33 Table 15: Results of Question 4 in the Questionnaire After the Posffesf. 34 Table 16: Results of Question 5 in the Questionnaire After the PostteSt .-- 34 Abbreviations T: Teacher S1: Subject 1 in the interview 32: Subject 2 in the interview S3: Subject 3 in the interview HNUE: Hanoi National University of Education L2: second language iv TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION. LH HH n ni e bene n K n n nh nh ni nà nà cết i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. ccceeeecee eee ne nent eee e tenses eee eneeeeaeneneneecaetees il ABSTRACT.
ce cece cc cence eee rene nner eee denne ened KH ee ea ĐT nh TT nh enone nated 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TABLES AND FIGURES. iv TABLE OF CONTENT.- CS HS HS een eset Kì KH nen haVv PART A: INTRODUCTIOÏÌN. HH HH HH0 0 0 nung se 1 1. Rationale for the SŠuy.
Aims Of the R€esearcH. Objectives of the Research. Scope of the esearCH. Significance of the Research.
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Review of Previous Studies Related to the Research Area of the Thesis. 15 Chapter 2: Research Metho(0ÌOØV. Data Collection Instruments. Pretest and PPOSẨ€Sf.
Vocabulary Multiple-Choice TeSfS. Reading Comprehension Tests .-- c2 13211 Street 20 P0 oi nh. Teacher’s Notes and Students’ Learning Logs. Intervention: Instruction of Lexical Inferencing in Cass.
Steps of the Instruction in Lexical Inferenc1ng. Data Collection Procedures. 27 Chapter 3: Findings and Discussions. - c Sc 1 S9 1S 11111911111 111 1 11 HH nh hp 28 SINH nh TH.
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cọ TH TH TH 10000806 39 3. Limitations of the Research. Suggestions for Future lÑ€searCHh. --- -=-- < =5 < se em em mg ng 41 REFERENCES.
TH TH TH g0 0 04040090906090909060090696 43 APPENDICES.- - - - QC CS SH Họ HH Họ n9. BI Ho BI 000904 I vi PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale for the Study In the last few decades, second/foreign language vocabulary acquisition has been an increasingly interesting topic of discussion for researches, teachers, curriculum designers, theorists and others involved in second language learning. All consider vocabulary as being a very important element in language, especially in reading skills.
When mentioning the relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension, Nation (1990) claimed that vocabulary knowledge is one of the best predictors of reading ability and the ability to acquire new information from the text. As a result, it can be said that the threshold for reading comprehension is, to a large extent, lexical. Lexical problems will, therefore, hinder successful comprehension. In fact, second/foreign language readers often cite lack of adequate vocabulary as one of the most common obstacles to text comprehension.
Kim”s (1995) study also shows that learners’ lack of vocabulary knowledge or their being unfamiliar with words is a major problem affecting readers’ reading comprehension. Many readers have claimed that they would like to read more, but when they encounter unknown lexis they lose their interest. From observations, the researcher also realize that Vietnamese learners of English, in general, and grade 10 students at High School for Gifted Students (HNUE), in particular, after several years of learning English, turn out to be word-by-word readers. They tend to read very slowly to understand the meaning of every single word.
Students feel insecure when they read without the aids of glossing or dictionaries. When they encounter a new word in the reading context, they simply do not show any effort to guess its meaning. The reason is that they always rely on the glossing of Vietnamese translation of unfamiliar words in reading texts, or resort to using dictionaries immediately. Yet, this habit was proved to be a bad habit and affect students’ reading comprehension (Dechant, 1991).
The results are limited vocabulary knowledge and inadequate reading ability. One possible explanation for the abovementioned problem can be found in Miller and Perkins’ study (1989), in which the researchers indicated that in most reading classrooms, students have received inadequate instructions on reading skills and strategies. Teachers normally stress on the production of reading comprehension rather than the reading process. Therefore, a better way of teaching and learning reading skills, as many researchers have suggested, is to equip students with the strategy of guessing word meaning from context and to help them become independent readers.
Particularly, 10 grade students may have not been taught any reading strategy before. They have acquired a range of vocabulary and grammar after five to seven years of learning English. Now it is urged that they be taught learning strategies to become better and more efficient learners. With a view to gaining some insight into reading strategies and reading strategy instruction, I chose to study how to improve students’ reading comprehension through the teaching of lexical inference strategy.
The rationale for my focus is that lexical inference strategy plays a critical role in successful reading (Sullivan, 1978). Although the importance of lexical inferencing has been highlighted in a number of empirical studies, much remains to be learned about it. Aims of the Research The study aimed at improving reading comprehension ability of 10" grade students at High School for Gifted Students (HNUE) through lexical inference strategy instruction, and giving recommendations on how to teach students to use lexical inference strategies effectively to enhance their reading abilities. Objectives of the Research The specific objectives of the research were as follows: e Examine whether there is a correlation between lexical knowledge and reading comprehension.
e Apply the teaching of lexical inference strategy to improve reading comprehension ability of 10” grade students at High School for Gifted Students. e Explore the students’ attitudes towards lexical inference strategy instruction. e Give recommendations to other teachers of English on how to teach the students to use lexical inference strategy effectively to improve their comprehension in reading classes. Research Questions In this investigation, the following research questions were addressed: I.
Is there a correlation between students’ lexical knowledge and their reading comprehension ability? 2. To what extent does the teaching of lexical inference strategy have impact on the students’ reading comprehension? 3. What are the students’ attitudes towards the lexical inference strategy instruction? 1. Scope of the Research This study only focused on the teaching of lexical inference strategy to grade 10 students at High School for Gifted Students, so the teaching of other reading strategies or to other subjects would be beyond scope.