MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES NGUYỄN HỒNG LỆ NGỌC TEACHING AND LEARNING GERUND AND INFINITIVE IN HIGH SCHOOL: SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (TESOL) HO CHI MINH CITY, 2009 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES NGUYỄN HỒNG LỆ NGỌC TEACHING AND LEARNING GERUND AND INFINITIVE IN HIGH SCHOOL: SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (TESOL) SUPERVISOR: DR. NGUYỄN TIẾN HÙNG HO CHI MINH CITY, 2009 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: TEACHING AND LEARNING GERUND AND INFINITIVE IN HIGH SCHOOL: SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT in terms of the statement of requirements for Theses in Master’s Program. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree of diploma in any other institutions. Ho Chi Minh City, 2009 Nguyễn Hồng Lệ Ngọc i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Nguyễn Hồng Lệ Ngọc, being the candidate for the degree of Master of TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the Library.
In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purposes of the study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for care, loan or reproduction of theses. Ho Chi Minh City, 2009 Nguyễn Hồng Lệ Ngọc ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Nguyễn Tiến Hùng, my mentor, for his invaluable guidance, support, and patience during the evolution of my thesis. He gave freely of his knowledge and expert advice that helped complete this thesis.
It is his supervision that has driven me to fulfill the demanding task of writing this thesis. I am much obliged to Mr. Dương Ngọc Hảo for his time, enthusiasm and especially his sound knowledge and experience in statistics, without which it would have taken me much more time and effort to deal with the data analysis. Many thanks also go to Ms.
Đặng Thị Vân Anh and Mr. Võ Duy Minh for their great help with valuable relevant materials. I would like to thank my colleagues and my students at Nguyễn Hiền High School for their enthusiastic cooperation. Much of the data in my thesis was based on their responses, their information, and their experience, all of which were freely and keenly provided.
Above all, I would like to express my profound thanks to my parents, my husband and my son, who have lent me unswerving wholehearted support throughout the time I was taking my post graduate program. Otherwise, I could hardly survive the process of writing this thesis. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that I myself am responsible for inevitable errors and deficiencies that may remain in this thesis. iii ABSTRACT One of the vexing questions that has long concerned most Vietnamese high school teachers and students is whether there is an easy simple way to explain when the gerund and the infinitive are used.
So far, Nguyen Hien High School students have had no choice but learn by heart the verbs and phrases that must be followed by gerund and / or infinitive, which is time-consuming and of little effectiveness. As part of an effort to better the current situation, this study assessed the impact of a series of new teaching techniques, the focal point of which was the functions and meanings of gerund and infinitive, on the students. The control group design was carried out with tenth-grade students who were put in charge of the same English teacher. One month after the students had studied the grammatical point in question, they took the pre-test.
Then the experimental group was exposed to the new teaching techniques while the control group was not. The post-test was administered to the two groups two months later. The statistical analysis of the test scores taken from the pre-test and post-test showed that there was a significant increase in the mean mark of the experimental group. This recommends that a teaching method focusing on meanings and functions help students understand and use gerund and infinitive with ease and confidence.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality Retention and use of the thesis Acknowledgements Abstract Table of contents List of tables List of figures Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .2 Rationale of the study .4 Significance of the study .9 Potential Ethical Issues .11 Overview of thesis chapters .6 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .2 Forms of infinitive .4 The split infinitive .5 Omission of words after “to” .3 Grammatical roles of the infinitive .1 The infinitive as subject of a verb .2 The infinitive as object of a verb. Verbs that must be followed immediately by a to-infinitive. Verbs that must be followed by a (pro)noun and a to-infinitive. Verbs that may be followed by a (pro)noun and a to-infinitive .3 To-infinitive as complement.
To-infinitive as complement of an adjective. To-infinitive as complement of a noun group. The infinitive as complement of the verb “be” and other linking verbs .4 To-infinitive as adverbial. Expressing result / outcome .2 Forms of gerund .3 Perfect-passive gerund .3 Grammatical roles of the gerund .1 The gerund as subject of a verb .2 The gerund as object of a verb.
Verbs that must be followed immediately by a gerund. Verbs that must be followed by an object and a gerund .3 The gerund as object of a preposition .4 The gerund as complement after a linking verb .5 The gerund can be used adjectivally. Questionnaire for students. Questionnaire for teachers .56 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .1 Responses to survey questionnaires .1 The current teaching of gerund and infinitive .1 Teachers’ attitude toward the teaching of gerund and infinitive .2 Problems in teaching gerund and infinitive .3 Current methods of teaching gerund and infinitive .4 Teachers’view on how to improve gerund and infinitive teaching .2 The current learning of gerund and infinitive .1 Students’ attitude toward the learning of gerund and infinitive .2 Problems in learning gerund and infinitive .3 Students’ gerund and infinitive learning strategies .4 Students’ view on how to improve gerund and infinitive learning .2 Analyses using scores .1 Crash course of statistics .1 “True” mean and confidence interval .2 Shape of the distribution, normality .3 T-test for independent samples .4 Wilcoxon signed-rank test .1 Before applying new techniques to the control group .2 After applying new techniques to the control group .100 Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .1 Make use of the inductive approach .2 Focus on meaning and use .3 Apply the PPP framework .4 Test grammar in meaningful and communicative ways .5 Make the best use of pair work and group work .6 Provide motivating and interesting classes .7 Ask students for feedback on the teaching .2 Demonstration: Teaching gerund and infinitive .1 Period 1: Bare infinitive and To-infinitive .2 Period 2: Gerund and To-infinitive .113 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY .120 Appendix 1 Reference lists of verbs followed by to-infinitive .120 Appendix 2 Reference lists of verbs and expressions followed by gerund .122 Appendix 3 Reference lists of verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive .126 Appendix 4 Reference lists of verbs followed by bare infinitive .127 Appendix 5 Pre-test .128 Appendix 6 Post-test .129 Appendix 7 Test scores 10BA7 – 10BA8 .130 Appendix 8 Questionnaire for students .133 Appendix 9 Questionnaire for teachers .137 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Students’ gender 46 Table 3.2 Students’ ethnicity 47 Table 3.3 Students’ first exposure to English 47 Table 3.4 Students’ level of English at the end of the ninth grade 48 Table 3.5 Three most important reasons why students study English 48 Table 3.6 Teachers’ gender 49 Table 3.7 Teachers’ experience of teaching in high school 49 Table 3.8 Levels of English at the end of the ninth grade * Class Crosstabulation 57 Teachers’ point of view Table 4.1 Teachers’ attitude toward aspects of English 59 Table 4.2 Gerund – infinitive plays an important role in English 61 Table 4.3 Teaching gerund – infinitive is more difficult 62 Table 4.4 Just revise, do not present from the beginning 63 Table 4.5 Content with your current methods of teaching gerund – infinitive 63 Table 4.6 Problems in teaching gerund – infinitive 65 Table 4.7 Popular methods of teaching gerund – infinitive (statistics) 67 Table 4.8 Popular methods of teaching gerund – infinitive 68 Table 4.9 Asking students to understand the functions and meanings of gerund – infinitive & the meanings of the preceding verbs 70 Table 4.10 Asking students to learn by heart lists of verbs (without their meanings) 70 Table 4.11 How to increase the efficiency of gerund – infinitive teaching 72 Table 4.12 Two important methods of teaching gerund – infinitive 72 Table 4.13 Providing students with complete reference lists of verbs 73 x Students’ point of view Table 4.14 Students’ attitude toward aspects of English .15 Students’ attitude toward grammar learning .16 Gerund – infinitive plays an important role in English .17 Gerund – infinitive is more difficult than other grammatical points .18 Understanding and using gerund – infinitive with confidence .19 Students’ problems in learning gerund – infinitive .20 Students’ most important problems in learning gerund – infinitive .21 Why & where gerund – infinitive is used .22 Learning by heart lists of verbs (with their meanings) .23 Understanding the functions & meanings of gerund – infinitive and the meanings of the preceding verbs .24 Other learning strategies .25 “On what ground do you rely to decide on the form of verb?” .26 Three essential factors helping students decide on the form of verb .27 How to improve the learning of gerund – infinitive .28 Three important ways to improve gerund – infinitive learning .29 Teachers need to limit the number of verbs to learn and test .92 Statistical analyses using scores Table 4.30 One-sample statistics .31 Comparing two means of the two classes: Paired Samples Test 1 .32 Paired Samples Statistics .33 Comparing two means of the two classes: Paired Sample Test 2 .102 xi LIST OF FIGURES Teachers’ point of view Figure 4.1 The allotted time for gerund – infinitive is enough .2 The schedule for gerund – infinitive is reasonable .3 Teaching gerund – infinitive is more difficult .4 Most students understand & use gerund – infinitive with confidence .5 There are too many verbs followed by gerund – infinitive .6 There are almost no common rules for using gerund – infinitive .7 Students’ stock of vocabulary is too limited .8 Asking students to learn by heart lists of verbs (with their meanings) .9 Classifying verbs according to their meanings .10 Asking students to learn by heart lists of verbs (without their meanings) .11 Limiting the number of verbs followed by gerund – infinitive .73 Students’ point of view Figure 4.12 The allotted time for gerund – infinitive is enough .13 The schedule for gerund – infinitive is reasonable .14 Wishing to master how to use gerund – infinitive .15 Too many verbs followed by gerund – infinitive to memorize .16 Too many verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive .17 How to deal with “unfamiliar” verbs .18 Understanding the functions & meanings of gerund – infinitive .19 Understanding the functions of gerund – infinitive alone .20 Learning by heart lists of verbs (without their meanings) .21 Based on feelings .22 Based on peers .23 Just leave a blank .90 Statistical analyses using scores Figure 4.24 Histogram of Test 108 .25 Normal Q-Q Plot of Test 108 .96 xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.