VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES ----------------- NGUYEÃN HOAØNG PHUÙC IDENTIFYING THE BASIC AND COMMON WORDS USED IN LEVEL B ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS A thesis in TESOL Code number: SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TESOL Supervisor: NGUYEÃN HOAØNG TUAÁN, M. HOCHIMINH CITY - 2006 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: IDENTIFYING THE BASIC AND COMMON WORDS USED IN LEVEL B ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS in terms of the statement of Requirements for Thesis in Master's Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee. Ho Chi Minh City, March 6, 2006 NGUYEÃN HOAØNG PHUÙC i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, NGUYEÃN HOAØNG PHUÙC, being the candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL), accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master's Theses deposited in the University Library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the University library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for care, loan or reproduction of theses.
Ho Chi Minh City, March 6, 2006 NGUYEÃN HOAØNG PHUÙC ii ABSTRACT This study is an effort to identify the basic and common words that are supposed to be included in level B English textbooks by suggesting a vocabulary threshold and the items that the learners at the intermediate level should master to be able to fulfil the language tasks required at this stage. To do this, a study was carried out to identify the theoretical and practical foundations, including a survey on the learners' needs and their problems concerning vocabulary through the analyses of the learner and teacher questionnaire, the results obtained from the vocabulary levels tests and the common patterns of vocabulary size, type and frequency found in four level B sample tests. The study has revealed the need for a particular vocabulary syllabus , which should be based on a standardized set of vocabulary. Based on the requirements stipulated by the Vietnam MOET and on the results found in the study, together with a reference to several word lists available, a recommended word list for level B English textbooks was derived.
The final product is a wordlist consisting of approximately 3,700 word families. The items were arranged into four sub-lists ranking in order of learning priority. Sub-list 1 includes 2,015 most basic high frequency words of general service for elementary and pre-intermediate levels. Sub-list 2 includes 323 high frequency words commonly used as defining words in dictionaries.
Sub-list 3 consists of 662 topic related words and sub-list 4 has 702 academic words. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1. AWL Academic Word List 2. ECCE Examination for the Certificate of Competency in English 3 EFL English as a Foreign Language 4 EGP English for General Purpose 5 ESL English as a Second Language 6 ESP English for Specific Purposes 7 FCE First Certificate in English 8 FLC Foreign Language Center 9 FLCs Frequency Level Checker Software 10 GSL General Service List 11 HCMC Ho Chi Minh City 12 MOET Ministry of Education and Training 13 PET Preliminary English Test 14 UTECH University of Technology 15 UWL University Word List 16 VNU Vietnam National University iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality .i Retention and use of the thesis .iii List of Abbreviations .iv Table of Contents .2 AIMS OF THE STUDY .4 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS.
5 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW .1 DEFINITION OF TERMS .1 Level B of English in Vietnam.2 Tokens, types, lemmas and word families and text coverage .2 THE LEVEL B COURSES .1 At high school .2 At colleges and universities .3 At foreign language centers .3 IDENTIFYING THE APPROPRIATE LEXICAL SIZE FOR ESL/ EFL LEARNERS.1 The vocabulary threshold .2 The vocabulary size for that threshold .3 The number of words to teach in a limited time .4 Some intermediate level vocabulary thresholds for reference .4 IDENTIFYING THE WORDS TO LEARN .1 High Frequency Words.2 The General Service List of English Words .3 The Cambridge English Lexicon .4 The University Word List .5 The Academic Word List .6 The Defining Word List .7 The topic related words. 43 • The Learner Questionnaire. 43 • The Teacher Questionnaire. 44 • Three Vocabulary Levels Test.
44 • The Frequency Level Checker Computer Program. 47 • The Level B Sample Tests .3 The data collection procedure. 51 vi CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS, DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATION .1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 The learner questionnaire .2 The teacher questionnaire .3 The Vocabulary Levels Tests .4 The four Level B Tests .1 The suitable size for the wordlist .2 The suitable order for words in levels .3 The format of each separated list .4 The final product. 91 CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS.
131 viii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem identification The picture depicting the current situation of the teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Vietnam is rather complicated and confusing as there is hardly any transparency and coherence in the aims and objectives, the syllabus, the textbooks and, especially, in qualifying examinations of the language teaching programs in high schools, universities, and language centers. This causes a lot of difficulties to all concerned: teachers, learners, syllabus designers, materials writers, examining bodies and even recruiting officers. Therefore, it is about time we had a common basis for the description of objectives, content and levels of proficiency. Such a basis can be established through a detailed description of a set of standardized criteria and scales for reference which is adopted especially for the Vietnamese context.
To do this, we have to break language competence and the process of language learning down into separate components. Although this task is considered arbitrary to some extent because of the fact that language learning is continuous and individual, it is useful to segment this process into different dimensions, such as vocabulary, syntax, discourse structure, and so on. This study chose vocabulary as a good place to start because of the following reasons. Firstly, according to McCarthy (1997), vocabulary acquisition is an essential component of language learning and it is the largest single element in dealing with a new language.
It is also stated by the Council of Europe (2001) that "size, range and control of vocabulary are major parameters of language acquisition and hence for the assessment of a learner's language proficiency and for the planning of 1 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION language learning and teaching" (p. Secondly, considering the EFL teaching situation in Vietnam, there are several complications that are strongly correlated with learners' vocabulary weakness which may be due to the poor vocabulary treatment of textbooks in that they do not provide sufficient and suitable knowledge of the required vocabulary. Thirdly, with the help of computational techniques, reliable information and resources which can be accessed easily, the development of a standardized wordlist is feasible. What we really need now is to determine a standardized set of vocabulary size and items for a particular level, which can satisfy the needs of the Vietnamese learners in this EFL environment and also enable them to get access to equivalent international examinations.
How, then, is this standardized set of vocabulary or a word list derived? Two major tasks have to be carried out to answer that question. First, it is necessary to find out the appropriate vocabulary size for the so-called 'level B of English' in Vietnam. Next, there is a need for identifying the common and basic words for this level.2 Aims of the study Due to the fact that the level B textbooks currently used at high school and university might fail to meet the demand on the aspect of vocabulary for intermediate level in general and to do level B test in particular, this study provides a specialized vocabulary list which can help to bridge the gaps between the vocabulary assigned in the textbooks and vocabulary requirement for this 2 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION level. This wordlist aims not only to provide sufficient and suitable vocabulary for the level but also suggest a reasonable chronological approach.
In addition, this wordlist is to help language designers, syllabus theorists, teachers, materials and textbook writers with a common reference so that they can select appropriate language materials and group homogenous learners together. They can also base on this list to design a systematic, well-planned vocabulary teaching program from the beginning of grade 6 in high school to the end of university graduates or integrate it into some kind of supplementary materials to bridge the gap of vocabulary left by the grammar-based syllabus or notional/ functional or communicative syllabus, which are very likely to fail to cover all the necessary vocabulary. Another reason for the study is that since most learners at this level intend to take some kind of certification exams, this wordlist will provide them with all the essential words to deal with intermediate level tests. Therefore, if they manage to master this wordlist, they are very much likely to obtain satisfactory comprehension of English texts found in all level B tests in Vietnam and other highly appreciated equivalent English tests, such as the Cambridge PET or the ECCE of the University of Michigan.
Finally, the fact that there have been several efforts to design standardized level B English tests made by the VNU - HCMC (2003) and the VNU - Hanoi (2005) to be used in post-graduate entrance examination has initiated the need for some common criteria for reference. Testers can refer to this wordlist to choose the texts whose vocabulary are within the range and requirement of level B.3 Rationale Learners of ESL/ EFL often find themselves facing the three puzzles of how many words, which words, and in what order to learn to be able to do something particular with the language. They feel somewhat confused to realize that educated native speakers know around 20,000 word families (Goulden et al., 1990; D' Anna, Zechmeister, & Hall, 1991, Nation and Waring, 1997; cited in Schmidtt, 2000), which is way beyond what most ESL/ EFL learners can really hope to achieve. In fact, not all these words are equally useful for all learners, at any levels and in any contexts.
Thanks to the achievements of corpus linguistics and frequency counts, it is believed that " a small number of the words of English occur frequently and if a learner knows these words, that learner will know a very large proportion of the running words in a written or spoken text." (Nation and Waring, 1997, p. Therefore, some words of "immediate high priority" should be learned first, others later and there are even words that are "not worth spending class time on actual teaching" and " a relatively small amount of well-chosen vocabulary can allow learners to do a lot" (Nation and Waring, 1997, p. In other words, it is believed that EFL learners need first to concentrate on a very few extremely common words of the language and words that they are most likely to meet for some particular purpose. In addition, for ESL/ EFL learners to understand an English text, it is not an all- or-nothing question, which requires learners to know 100% running words of the text.
Although we cannot specify precisely the number of words a learner at a specific level should be able to recognize and use, we can identify some percentage of text coverage that is sufficient to allow reasonable comprehension of a text. This means in order to understand a text, readers need to know some 4 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION minimum number of the total words used which is called the lexical threshold.