Chapter 1 BACKGROUND Chapter 1 figures out the thesis rationale and emphasizes the importance of intonation on communicative competence which Widdowson (1978: 67) asserted that acquisition of communicative competence is “the ultimate aim in language learning”. Finally, it comprises the overall attitude toward English intonation teaching to GE learners.1 RATIONALE Intonation exists in many languages, so the concept of English intonation may not be new to learners of English. However, they are often so busy finding their words that intonation could not get the right attention, yet intonation can be as important as word choice. Intonation is also fundamental: in combination with changes in syllable duration and loudness, it plays a role in all aspects of speech.
For instance, intonation tells us how others feel towards us and towards the subject of the conversation (Chen and Gussenhoven, 2003). Intonation also provides linguistic information; speakers use it to highlight topics, hold the floor and express contrasts (Wichmann, 2000). It provides auditory cues to the beginning and end of major syntactic constituents (Cutler et. It is obvious that intonation is important and necessary to acquire for learners of English especially for anyone whose native language does not have a similar intonation system as English intonation.
So is the case of Vietnamese learners of English because Roach (1991) pointed out that English is an intonation language while Vietnamese is a tone language. The matter seems all right for English major learners since they have to take a subject called ‘Phonetics and Phonology’ in their syllabus, so they may have a chance to study intonation. On the contrary, GE learners do not have such a chance although these learners are the majority in the English learning community. 95 They usually study English with a set of coursebooks of one kind or another and with the instruction of their teachers of English and it can be assumed that what intonation features they may know mainly depend on their coursebooks as well as their teachers.
There is a question “What and how much do they know about English intonation?” The answer for the question what intonation features GE learners may study in their learning process could be revealed by analyzing their coursebooks and consulting their teachers in order to form an overall picture of the matter that is very useful for anyone interested. Moreover, it is necessary to consider and challenge the appropriateness and the suitability of the approaches used to teach intonation given in the coursebooks and by teachers of English as well. If these approaches do not meet or satisfy the requirements, will another approach be needed or be incorporated to solve the problem? Therefore, the writer of the thesis chooses this topic for that is such a critical matter that many people may have concerns.2 ENGLISH INTONATION AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE For GE learners, intonation is indeed an unknown field; they may have enough grammatical and lexical knowledge to communicate successfully but they still fail in communicating with a native speaker because they do not understand the discourse features or indeed how to deliver their message successfully. Failure could possibly occur due to a number of factors.
Firstly, the essential information of the message is not grasped if the learner fails to stress the important information. Equally, pragmatic meaning could be misunderstood if the learner does not understand when a topic is open or closed. Overall, lack of misunderstanding leads to a poorly controlled conversation in which the learner cannot understand which information is given and which is new. Moreover, while communicating, learners usually think only about WHAT they are saying e.
am I using the correct words, what type of question am I 96 responding to etc. rather than HOW they are saying it. Perhaps this is because there has been reluctance among teachers to integrate intonation into classroom activities. As intonation being treated as something supplementary in class and too often found on the last page of a unit in the coursebooks - there is no wonder that learners themselves do not equate its importance to grammar and vocabulary or even the speaking skill.
Equally, when teachers of English skip and neglect teaching intonation in their teaching process, they may have sent out a message to their learners that intonation is something difficult and intangible. Therefore, because of the neglect of teachers and course-books designers, learners of English are, understandably, at a loss when faced with the task of using intonation in their English speech, or of interpreting it when they hear it from native-speaker speech. Therefore, it is very easy to understand why learners of English always adopt the avoidance strategy. They avoid the use of intonation and they resort to paraphrasing syntactic expansion or some other simplification processes to disambiguate their potentially ambiguous utterances in order to make their meaning clear.
However, it is the task, of perceiving and correctly interpreting intonation when learners of English hear it from a native speaker, which poses a real problem. If they do not solve this task appropriately, they will obviously fail in their communication and consequently they will not gain communicative competence which Widdowson (1978: 67) asserted that acquisition of communicative competence is “the ultimate aim in language learning”, necessitates reconciling these distinctions for practical classroom purposes. (1984: 333) have stated that errors in intonation cause more miscommunication, and thus deserve greater precedence over segmental because “In view of the fact that segmental information in the acoustic signal 97 may well be of limited scope and reliability, it is of the greatest importance that the learner’s attention is directed to non-segmental information.” Miyauchi (2001, 15) similarly states this ‘Englishness’ is essential to interpret for foreign learners who do not have similar systems of tonic highlighting or migratory prominence in Japanese, in order for Japanese learners of English to sustain oral/aural communication in English, it is not enough to know the exact meaning of every English word, but it seems crucial to share the prosodic knowledge of English… In this respect, the discourse intonation approach should be treated more seriously as a priority to improve students’ communicative skills. David Brazil developed the discourse intonation approach suggesting the theory that emphasizes communicative contexts and the interactive nature of spoken communication, and regards that intonation is central to spoken interaction (Cauldwell and Allen, 1997: 10).
Brazil’s Discourse intonation seems to provide English learners with the simplest possible description on intonation and to adopt the language user’s perspective, not the linguist’s one. In general, DI views speech as a purpose-driven activity where speakers and hearers co-operate to reach the goal of shared understanding, where ‘intonation signals play a key role in listening, as well as speaking, as they signal a speaker’s assumptions and intentions with regard to the shared ground between speaker and hearer’ (Cauldwell and Allen, 1999:12).3 THE OVERALL ATTITUDE TOWARD ENGLISH INTONATION TEACHING TO GE LEARNERS In HCM, GE learners are the majority in the English learning community compared with English major learners. They can study general English in secondary schools, high schools, universities, colleges and foreign language centers. For school learners, they have two different systems to learn general English: a three-year system (which starts in 10th grade) or a seven-year 98 system (which starts in 6th grade).
The choice depends on many factors such as the decisions from the Ministry of Education, school decisions, school facilities, availability of teachers of English and so on. Their coursebooks are the ones designed and published by the Ministry of Education. These coursebooks pay much attention to pronunciation but do not contain any intonation features and so there is no need for the teachers to spend time teaching them intonation. As a result, the learners do not know anything about English intonation.
Moreover, only two of the four skills in learning English are tested in their examinations. Thus, their teachers and the learners themselves just focus on writing and reading skills needed to serve their examinations. Therefore, they do not realize and recognize the existence as well the importance of intonation in communication. For other GE learners, their coursebooks are chosen by the people in charge and some of the courseboooks may contain intonational features presented a very close relationship between intonation selection and grammar and speaker’s own attitudes.
However, the validity of grammatical and attitudinal approaches toward intonation teaching has been challenged so much because these approaches cannot express all functions of intonation. Furthermore, although teachers of English have to use a coursebook to teach and follow its content, they also have some discretion to decide what to teach and how to teach. Because of certain objective difficulties, teachers tend to leave out the intonation teaching or if they co-teach with a foreign teacher, this native speaker will be responsible for intonation teaching. However, the number of foreign teachers is limited and they usually teach intonation intuitively without a profound and scientific support.
Thus, the chance for GE learners to access intonation is limited consequently. In examinations, unlike school learners, four skills are tested. Nevertheless, one important thing is that most of the examiners are Vietnamese teachers of English who do not pay their attention to intonation teaching. Likewise, they do not highly recommend the learners’ intonation using.
The learners, busy with segmentals, will not spend 99 time on intonation learning, as it does not help them get higher marks in their examinations. Intonation is very important in the achievement of communicative competence, which is the ultimate purpose of any language learners (see 1. In order to master intonation, besides the sound knowledge, learners should have opportunities to practice speaking with native speakers of English. It means that the learners of English need an English-speaking environment in which they can practice their speaking skill.
Through conversations, learners could realize how intonation may contribute to conversation meanings and then they could apply what they have learned to improve their speaking skill. However, such an environment does not always exist in the city and it exposes the truth that learners do not have much chance to speak to native speakers of English. Thus, if the learners have some knowledge on intonation, there is nearly no opportunity for them to use and it leads to the fact that they will find it useless and unnecessary. It can be assumed that intonation is one the most neglected areas in teaching.
This neglect comes from many sides such as teachers of English, coursebooks’ designers and social conditions that are not ideal for GE learners to master intonation.4 SUMMARY This chapter has provided the thesis rationale, the overall attitudes toward intonation teaching to GE learners as well as the intonation importance in the process of gaining communicative competence. It is obvious that intonation serves to get communicative competence. Therefore, Discourse Intonation by Brazil, if it can be integrated with the other approaches, seems to provide an excellent means, for language teachers, of entering the arena of interactional language, of analyzing for themselves and with their students what Candlin et. have described as the “inherently creative and potentially dynamic…interrelationship…of communicative knowledge.” A major advantage of DI, for the purpose of pedagogic use, is rather precise that it involves a formal generalized system, which links certain phonological features 100 of language to definite communicative meanings.
To that extent, DI is a finite system with certain clearly expressed contrasts and relationships, which possibly constitutes the necessary basis for any descriptive systems to be learnable, and as such, could function as a linchpin for dealing with the ‘infinite relationships’ of interactive activity. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The present study is an attempt to find out what intonational aspects are largely taught or emphasized and how they are treated in teaching GE learners in Ho Chi Minh City and explore possibilities of adopting DI into the intonation teaching.