VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES TRẦN THỊ HUỆ EFFECTS OF ENGLISH COLLOCATION INSTRUCTION ON THE WRITING SKILL OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA VIỆC DẠY KẾT HỢP TỪ TIẾNG ANH ĐẾN KỸ NĂNG VIẾT CỦA SINH VIÊN NĂM THỨ NHẤT CHUYÊN NGÀNH TIẾNG ANH Ở ĐH BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI SUMMARY OF M. COMBINED PROGRAM THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60. TÔ THỊ THU HƯƠNG HANOI – 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Table of Contents Candidate‟s statement. iii List of Abbreviations.
vii List of Tables .viii List of Figures .viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Statement of the problem. Scope and objectives of the study. Significance of the study.
Organization of the study. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Overview of collocation. Definition of collocations.
Characteristics of collocations. Types of collocations. Pedagogical issues on collocations. The benefits of collocations.
Choosing which collocations to teach. Directions for teaching collocations. Teacher‟s role in collocation instruction. Materials for teaching collocations.
Collocations in ESL writing. The need for collocation instruction in L2 writing process. How to incorporate collocation instruction in teaching writing skills25 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Studies on the correlation between collocations and L2 writing proficiency.
Studies on the effects of collocation instruction on L2 writing. 28 Conclusion CHAPTER 3: THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Type of research: Action research. Setting of the study.
Selection of participants. Description of intervention. Data collection instruments. Semi-structured interviews.
Data analysis procedures. Examining the use of collocations in the test papers. Analyzing data from semi-structured interviews. 47 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
The effects of the current HUST English collocation instruction on the English writing scores of first year non-native English-major students at HUST. The effects of the current English collocation instruction on the use of language in English writing of first year students at HUST. Correlation between non-native English-major students‟ use of collocation and their writing score. HUST first year non-native English-major students‟ reflections on collocation instruction.
56 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS. Research questions revisited. Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further research.
73 APPENDIX Appendix 1: Examples of students‟ texts produced in the pre-test and post-test Appendix 2: Rubric for assessment of an essay (currently used at the research site) Appendix 3: Suggested interview questions Appendix 4: Participation information statement & Participant consent form vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com List of Abbreviations EFL: English as a foreign language ESL: English as a second language HUST: Hanoi University of Science and Technology L1: First language/Mother tongue L2: Second language vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com List of Tables Table 1: Lexical collocations (Benson et al, 1986). 12 Table 2: Grammatical collocations (Benson et al, 1986). 12 Table 3: Grammatical collocation type G8 (Benson et al, 1986). 13 Table 4: The writing syllabus with collocation instruction.
42 Table 5: Descriptive statistics of the pre-test and post-test writing scores. 48 Table 6: Paired samples t-test for writing scores. 49 Table 7: Descriptive statistics of the pre-test and post-test language use scores. 50 Table 8: Paired samples t-test for language use scores.
50 Table 9: The number of correct collocations and collocational errors in the pre-test and post-test. 51 Table 10: Correlation coefficients between the use of collocations and the writing score in the pre-test. 54 Table 11: Correlation coefficients between the use of collocations and the writing quality in the post-test. 56 Table 12: The students‟ preferences of collocation instruction activities.
61 List of Figures Figure 1: Levels of collocational complexity. 8 Figure 2: Howarth‟scollocational continuum. 9 Figure 3: Conzett‟scollocational continuum. 9 Figure 4: Conzett‟s model for recording collocations.
21 Figure 5: Simple action research model. 31 Figure 6: Gerald Susman‟s action research cycle with five phases. 31 Figure 7: Differences between the pre-test and post-test in the quantity of correct collocations. 52 Figure 8: Differences between the pre-test and post-test in the quantity of collocational errors.
53 viii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.Technology CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Statement of the problem Since Firth (1951, p.194) introduced the idea of collocation, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of using words naturally and appropriately. In second language teaching and learning, many researchers have perceived the crucial role of collocations in developing vocabulary, communicative competence and being toward native-like writing style (Brown, 1974; Channell, 1981; Bahns & Eldaw, 1993; Howarth, 1998a, Gitsaki, 1999; Lewis, 1997, 2000; Nation, 2001; Nesselhauf, 2003; Hsu & Chiu, 2008). On discussing the relationship between L2 learners‟ collocational knowledge and their writing proficiency, there have been two studies by Zhang (1993) and Hsu (2007).
In his study, Zhang (1993) compared the participants‟ knowledge of collocations and their writing quality, and the use of collocations in the participants‟ essays and their writing quality. He concluded that “collocational knowledge was shown to be positively correlated with writing quality” and “effective use of collocational knowledge may help improve writing quality” (p. In a later study by Hsu (2007), the finding was consistent with Zhang‟s study (1993) in the aspect that “there seems to be a significant correlation between Taiwanese college EFL learners‟ frequency of lexical collocations and their online writing scores” (p. From the findings of the two studies, it can be said that the knowledge and use of collocations is an indicator of good and poor writing.
Thus, it is absolutely essential for ESL learners to be aware of English collocations and to learn how to use collocations effectively in writing. Learning collocations; however, is a challenging job for ESL learners. Wolter (2006) notices that in second language learning, collocational knowledge is more difficult to learn than grammatical rules. Even advanced language learners 1 (LUAN.Technology TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.Technology have great difficulties in the production of collocations (Nesselhauf, 2003; Laufer & Waldman, 2011).
There has been a great concern among researchers about the reasons why ESL learners make collocational errors. Recent studies have pointed out that the causes of collocational errors are mainly related to: (1) The lack of collocational concept, i. ESL learners are not aware of collocation as a potential problem in language learning (Bahns & Eldaw, 1993, p. (2) The shortage of collocational knowledge, i.
students do not understand the potential collocational properties of the words they have already known. For example, it can be assumed that most students know the collocation “a good boy”, but few students can generate “a good knowledge” (Ooi and Kim-Seoh, 1996, p. some collocational errors are caused by direct translation (e. for some Vietnamese ESL students, they write “learn knowledge” instead of “gain knowledge” or “absorb knowledge”).
234; Laufer and Waldman, 2011, p. The first and second causes of collocational errors may imply that collocation teaching and learning could be neglected in ESL classes and therefore, learners are not aware that collocations may pose potential problems in their language learning. The use of collocation is more problematic on productive language skills, especially in writing because written contexts require precision in the use of words. Having taught English writing skill to first year English-major students for many years, the researcher notices that collocational errors account for a relatively high percentage among the types of errors her students make in writing English.
When they write a paragraph or an essay, it is no easy task for them to find the right collocates of a word, which affects their writing fluency. In addition, the 2 (LUAN.Technology TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.Technology inappropriate combination of words makes their writing sound odd to native speakers of English. It is, therefore, essential for teachers to raise students‟ awareness of collocations and to teach students how to use collocations appropriately and accurately in their writing. To date, there have been few published papers about collocation instruction in relation to writing skill.
Due to this lack of studies, this study was conducted to explore the effects of English collocation instruction on English writing skill as well as students‟ attitudes toward the teaching of collocation and its effect on their writing. Scope and objectives of the study Within the scope of an MA thesis, this study only aimed at investigating the effects of English collocation instruction on the writing skill of first year non-native English-major students at a university in Hanoi, Vietnam. More specifically, the study was designed to address the following research question: Could English collocation instruction help improve the writing skill of first year non-native English-major students at Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)? This research question was broken down into 3 sub-questions: 1. What are the effects of the current English collocation instruction on the English essay writing scores of first year non-native English-major students at HUST? 2.
What are the effects of the current English collocation instruction on the use of language in their English essay writing? 3. Is there any relationship between the students‟ use of collocation and their essay writing scores? 1. Significance of the study 3 (LUAN.Technology TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.Technology The contribution of the study is pedagogical. Although the study was carried out on a small scale, focusing on a particular group of Vietnamese English-major first year students, its results will (1) help teachers have a better understanding of English collocation instruction in relation to writing skill; (2) obtain students‟ opinions on ways to further enhance collocation instruction for better writing; and (3) provide recommendations for teachers who are interested in using collocation instruction to improve writing skill of students in their own teaching context.
Organization of the study This research report is divided into five main parts. Chapter 1 presents a brief overview of the study. The second chapter reviews previous studies whose focus and findings are relevant and beneficial to this one. The third part discusses the methodology of this study, including the research type, the study site, the selection of participants, the description of the intervention and the methods of data collection and data analysis.
The fourth chapter reports the findings and their discussions. Finally, the report ends with the conclusion part which summarizes the research in some main remarkable points, gives some recommendations for those who want to teach collocations to improve students‟ writing skill in their own contexts and presents essential aspects relating to the study for future research.Technology TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.Technology CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter presents an overview of collocation, different aspects of collocation instruction and collocations in ESL writing. Overview of collocation 2. Definition of collocations Firth R.
is considered the first scholar to introduce the term “collocation”. He claims that a “collocation” is a “mode of meaning” in his book “Papers in Linguistics” published in 1951. He proposes that words obtain their meaning from their co-occurrence in the same context and collocations of a word help us understand its meaning better. Firth then gives the example of the two words “dark” and “night”: “One of the meanings of night is its collocability with dark, and of dark, of course, collocation with night.
Since Firth‟s introduction of collocation, there have been various definitions of this term. Benson, Benson and Ilson (1986) clarify collocations as “fixed, identifiable, non-idiomatic phrases and constructions”.1) McCarthy (1990) understands the term collocation as “the likelihood of co- occurrence between words. It is very likely that blond will occur with hair, but unlikely that it will occur with wallpaper; blond and hair are said to collocate” (p. 158; cited in Schmitt, 1998).
Schmitt claims that McCarthy‟s definition provides a general understanding of collocations for students.