VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE USING STORYTELLING TO ENHANCE VIETNAMESE YOUNG LEARNERS’ ENGLISH VOCABULARY A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master‟s degree in TESOL By NGUYEN KHANH THAO DI Supervised by ASSOC. NGUYEN THANH TUNG Ho Chi Minh City, April 2022 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE USING STORYTELLING TO ENHANCE VIETNAMESE YOUNG LEARNERS’ ENGLISH VOCABULARY A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master‟s degree in TESOL By NGUYEN KHANH THAO DI Supervised by ASSOC. NGUYEN THANH TUNG Ho Chi Minh City, April 2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my profound gratitude to those who have offered me wholehearted support and assistance so that I could complete this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratefulness to my supervisor, Assoc.
Nguyen Thanh Tung, for his kindness, encouragement, sympathy, and valuable guidance. Without his support and thoughtful comments, I would not have been able to finalize the thesis. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Ho Chi Minh City and all lecturers, who have assisted me during the M. program in TESOL.
Also, I am truly grateful to all of the classmates that I have had golden opportunities to work with in this program. They have been incredibly inspirational, supportive, and resourceful. My sincere thanks also go to my colleagues, who gave useful comments on my paper, and all the learners, who participated in the experiment. Last but not least, my special thanks go to my family members, who have always taken tender care of me, strengthened my motivation, and provided me with great encouragement.
i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I certify that this thesis, entitled “Using storytelling to enhance Vietnamese young learners‟ English vocabulary,” is my original work. It is based on my own research to meet the requirements for a thesis in the Master‟s program in TESOL at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities issued by the Higher Degree Committee. All sources used for this thesis have been documented. No other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement.
This thesis has not previously been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution. Ho Chi Minh City, April 2022 Nguyen Khanh Thao Di ii RETENTION OF USE I hereby state that I, Nguyen Khanh Thao Di, being the candidate for the degree of Master in TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master‟s Theses deposited in the Library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the library for the care, loan or reproduction of the thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, April 2022 Nguyen Khanh Thao Di iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY. ii RETENTION OF USE.iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .viii LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF FIGURES.
xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .3 AIM OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .6 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS. 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .1 OVERVIEW OF STORYTELLING .1 Definition of storytelling .2 Characteristics of storytelling .1 Providing meaningful context .2 Providing natural repetition .3 Providing an enjoyable learning environment .3 Benefits of storytelling .1 Improving learners‟ vocabulary mastery in terms of meaning .2 Improving learners‟ vocabulary mastery in terms of use .3 Developing positive attitudes towards English vocabulary learning .2 THE BASIS OF USING STORYTELLING TO TEACH ENGLISH VOCABULARY TO YOUNG LEARNERS .1 Definition of young learners .2 Characteristics of young learners .2 Teaching English vocabulary to young learners .1 Definition of vocabulary. Features of teaching English vocabulary to young learners .3 Storytelling as an effective method to teach English vocabulary to young learners .3 THE APPLICATION OF STORYTELLING IN TEACHING ENGLISH VOCABULARY TO YOUNG LEARNERS .3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY. 44 CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS.
Comparison of the two questionnaires .2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS .1 The effects of storytelling on young learners‟ vocabulary mastery .2 The effects of storytelling on young learners‟ positive attitudes towards English vocabulary learning. 69 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .1 Suggestions for teachers .2 Suggestions for syllabus designers and material writers .3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .4 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. 82 Appendix A – Pre-test. 82 Appendix B – Post-test.
98 Appendix D – Control group‟s pre-test raw scores. 99 Appendix E – Control group‟s post-test raw scores. 100 Appendix F – Experimental group‟s pre-test raw scores. 101 Appendix G – Experimental group‟s post-test raw scores.
102 Appendix H – Cronbach‟s alpha of pre-questionnaire items. 103 Appendix I – Cronbach‟s alpha of post-questionnaire items. 104 Appendix J – Target lexical items of the teaching program. 105 Appendix K – Stories used in the teaching program.
106 Appendix L – Sample lesson plans. 110 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A Agree CG Control group df Degree of freedom D Disagree EG Experimental group F F distribution I Item M Mean Max Maximum Mdn Median Min Minimum MOET The Ministry of Education and Training n Number of cases N Neutral S Student SA Strongly agree SD Strongly disagree Sig. The significance value SPSS The statistical package for social sciences Std Dev Standard deviation Std. Error Mean Standard error mean viii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Description of the participants .2 Research procedure of the current study .3 Pre-test and post-test items in relation to vocabulary knowledge .4 Questionnaire items and their focuses .5 Mean interpretation for Likert-scale items .6 Control group‟s pre-test raw scores .7 Control group‟s post-test raw scores .8 Experimental group‟s pre-test raw scores .9 Experimental group‟s post-test raw scores .1 Descriptive analysis of the pre-test scores.2 Results of the independent samples t-test for the pre-test scores .3 Descriptive analysis of the pre-test scores regarding meaning and use .4 Results of the independent samples t-test for the pre-test scores regarding meaning and use .5 Descriptive analysis of the post-test scores .6 Results of the independent samples t-test for the post-test scores .7 Descriptive analysis of the post-test scores regarding meaning and use .8 Results of the independent samples t-test for the post-test scores regarding meaning and use .9 Reliability statistics on pre-questionnaire items .10 Responses to pre-questionnaire items of the affective component .11 Responses to pre-questionnaire items of the cognitive component .12 Responses to pre-questionnaire items of the behavioral component .13 Reliability statistics on post-questionnaire items .14 Responses to post-questionnaire items of the affective component .15 Responses to post-questionnaire items of the cognitive component .16 Responses to post-questionnaire items of the behavioral component .17 Means of the items related to the affective component in two questionnaires .18 Means of the items related to the cognitive component in two questionnaires .19 Means of the items related to the behavioral component in two questionnaires .20 Pre-questionnaire item-total statistics.21 Post-questionnaire item-total statistics .22 Target lexical items of the teaching program.
105 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The Plan-Do-Review model .2 The conceptual framework of the study .1 Summary of the pre-test scores .2 Distribution of the pre-test scores.3 Summary of the pre-test scores regarding meaning .4 Summary of the pre-test scores regarding use .5 Summary of the post-test scores .6 Distribution of the post-test scores .7 Summary of the post-test scores regarding meaning.8 Summary of the post-test scores regarding use. 55 xi ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the effects of storytelling on Vietnamese young learners‟ English vocabulary mastery in terms of meaning and use and their positive attitudes towards English vocabulary learning. Informed by the potential benefits that storytelling can offer to young learners‟ English vocabulary mastery and attitudes towards vocabulary learning, the study adopts a quasi-experimental approach with the participation of 35 young learners at an English center in Ho Chi Minh City. One group of seventeen learners was chosen to be the control group (CG) and another group of eighteen learners was chosen to be the experimental group (EG).
Within six weeks, the participants in the EG learnt the target lexical items with the application of storytelling while their counterparts in the control group were instructed through the conventional sequence of presentation, practice, and production. Pre- and post-tests were used to examine the similarities and differences between the two groups‟ vocabulary achievements before and after the treatment. After their comparability had been indicated in the pre-test results prior to the introduction of the treatment, the analysis of the post-test scores revealed that the EG outperform the CG in the post-test, which means that the employment of storytelling can improve young learners‟ vocabulary mastery in terms of meaning and use. Meanwhile, the data collected from the questionnaire highlighted the impact of storytelling on developing young learners‟ positive attitudes towards English vocabulary learning.
Those results confirmed that storytelling was able to enhance Vietnamese young learners‟ English vocabulary. Key words: storytelling, vocabulary, young learners xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides the introduction of the study by stating the background to the study, statement of the problem, aim of the study, research questions, the significance and the overall structure of the study.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Teaching English to young learners is receiving great attention from the Vietnamese government, parents, educators, and scholars. Although there are diverse points of view about this issue, it is undeniable that Vietnamese children are learning English at younger and younger ages. English has been taught in Vietnamese primary schools since the 1990s.
Issued by the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), the Note No.6627/TH dated 18 September 1996 provided a guideline on foreign language teaching in primary schools. The teaching of English was then piloted in some selected primary schools. Because of the society‟s increasing demands for English teaching and learning, the Decision No.50/2003/QD-BGDDT dated 30 October 2003 was issued, which stipulated that English became an elective subject at primary schools starting from Grade 3 (MOET, 2003). Five years later, the Prime Minister issued the Decision No.1400/QD-TTg that approved a national plan for teaching and learning foreign languages in the period of 2008-2020.
Within the framework of this plan, English is a compulsory subject from Grade 3. The Decision shows the government‟s dedication to enhance the significance of English learning. Furthermore, introducing English to the kindergarten level has received critical attention from the society. English has been taught at several kindergartens nationwide because of parents‟ practical needs.
English programs for young learners are available at various kindergartens across the country. However, on 18 February 2014, the MOET issued the Correspondence No.694/BGDDT-GDMN that completely prohibited all preschool education 1 institutions from organizing English language courses (MOET, 2014a) due to a lack of tools to control the quality of English teaching and learning at this level. In response to this decision, education columns and forums were full of protests from parents, teachers, and scholars, as they saw the benefits of English language learning at a young age (Cao et al. Parents wanted their children to be acquainted with English at an early age with the hope that their children could have the right kind of start for a globalized society.
As a result, the Correspondence No. 1303/BGDDT-GDMN dated 18 March 2014 that allowed English teaching at kindergartens was issued (MOET, 2014b).