Medical and Surgical Management of MALE INFERTILITY Medical and Surgical Management of MALE INFERTILITY Editors Botros RMB Rizk MD MA FRCOG FRCS HCLD FACOG FACS Professor and Head Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama, USA Nabil Aziz MD FRCOG Consultant in Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Lead Clinician, Liverpool Women’s Hospital and The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Ashok Agarwal PhD HCLD Professor, Lerner College of Medicine Director, Andrology Laboratory Center for Reproductive Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA Edmund Sabanegh Jr MD Chairman, Department of Urology Director, Section of Male Fertility Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ® JAYPEE BROTHERS Medical Publishers (P) Ltd New Delhi • London • Philadelphia • Panama ® Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com Overseas Offices J. Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc.
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Medical and Surgical Management of Male Infertility First Edition: 2014 ISBN: 978-93-5025-946-7 Printed at: Dedicated to Our very dear families for their love, support and inspiration Contributors Ahmed El-Guindi MD Charles M Lynne MD Fnu Deepinder MD Assistant Lecturer of Andrology Department of Urology Department of Endocrinology Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University University of Miami Miller School of Cedars Sinai Medical Center and Andrology Specialist, The Egyptian IVF Center Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Greater Los Angeles VA Hospitals Cairo, Egypt Los Angeles Dana A Ohl MD CA, USA Alan Fryer MD Department of Urology Consultant Clinical Geneticist University of Michigan Giovana Cobalchini Liverpool Women’s Hospital Ann Arbor, MI, USA Research Assistant Liverpool, UK University of Caxias do Sul David Rizk RS, Brazil Ali Ahmady PhD Tulane University Department of Reproductive Biology New Orleans, LA, USA Hanhan Li BS Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine MacDonald IVF and Fertility Program Deborah M Spaine MSc PhD of Case Western Reserve University University Hospitals Case Medical Center Director of Tissue Bank Cleveland, OH, USA Cleveland, OH, USA Human Reproduction Section Division of Urology Hassan N Sallam MD PhD FRCOG Amjad Hossain PhD HCLD Department of Surgery Professor and Head Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and São Paulo Federal University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Infertility São Paulo, SP, Brazil University of Alexandria, Alexandria Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Director The University of Texas Medical Branch Edmund Sabanegh Jr MD Alexandria Fertility and Assisted Galveston, TX, USA Chairman, Department of Urology Reproduction Center Director, Section of Male Fertility Alexandria, Egypt Antonio Capalbo PhD Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Centro GENERA Center for Reproductive Medicine Ibrahim Fahmy MD PhD Clinica Valle Giulia Cleveland Clinic Professor of Andrology Rome, Italy Cleveland, OH, USA Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Andrology Consultant Ashok Agarwal PhD HCLD Edmund Y Ko MD The Egyptian IVF Center Professor, Lerner College of Medicine Department of Urology Cairo, Egypt Director, Andrology Laboratory Fellow, Section of Male Fertility Center for Reproductive Medicine Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Iryna Kuznyetsova PhD HCLD Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA Cleveland Clinic The Toronto Institute for Reproductive Cleveland, OH, USA Medicine, ReproMed Toronto Botros RMB Rizk MD MA FRCOG FRCS Ontario, Canada HCLD FACOG FACS Eleonora Bedin Pasqualotto MD PhD Professor and Head Professor of Gynecology Jason Hedges MD PhD Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility University of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil Department of Urology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Director CONCEPTION Northwestern University University of South Alabama Center for Human Reproduction Feinberg School of Medicine Mobile, AL, USA Caxias do Sul Chicago, Illinois, USA RS, Brazil Brian Le MD Jens Sønksen MD PhD Department of Urology Fábio Firmbach Pasqualotto MD PhD Department of Urology Northwestern University Director, Conception Herlev Hospital Feinberg School of Medicine Centro de Reproducao Humana University of Copenhagen Chicago, Illinois, USA Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil Denmark viii Medical and Surgical Management of Male Infertility John Phelps MD Marcia C Inhorn PhD MPH Philip Kumanov MD PhD DMSci Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Yale University Fertility Center Clinical Center of Endocrinology Infertility Department of Obstetrics Medical University of Sofia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria The University of Texas Medical Branch New Haven Galveston, TX, USA Connecticut, USA Rachel A Jesudasan PhD Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology Jorge Haddad Filho MD PhD Martin Olsen MD Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Director, Endocrinology Division Professor and Program Director Human Reproduction Section Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Rakesh K Sharma PhD Division of Urology James H Quillen College of Medicine Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Department of Surgery Johnson City, TN, USA Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA São Paulo Federal University São Paulo, SP, Brazil Marwa Badr MB ChB Ralf Henkel PhD Research Assistant Department of Medical Biosciences Karen C Baker MD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and University of the Western Cape Department of Urology Infertility Bellville, South Africa Fellow, Section of Male Fertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute University of South Alabama Reecha Sharma Cleveland Clinic Mobile, AL, USA Center for Reproductive Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Mary K Samplaski MD Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Karen Schnauffer BSc (Hons) Dip Embryol Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Dip RCPath Cleveland Clinic Foundation Ricardo Miyaoka MD Consultant Embryologist Cleveland, OH, USA Division of Urology Hewitt Center for Reproductive Medicine ANDROFERT—Andrology and Human Liverpool Women’s Hospital Nabil Aziz MD FRCOG Reproduction Clinic Liverpool, UK Consultant in Gynecology and Reproductive Campinas, SP, Brazil Medicine Kashif Siddiqi MD Lead Clinician, Liverpool Women’s Hospital Robert E Brannigan MD Fellow, Section of Male Fertility and The University of Liverpool Department of Urology Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Liverpool, UK Northwestern University Cleveland Clinic Foundation Feinberg School of Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA Nancy L Brackett PhD HCLD Chicago, Illinois, USA The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Keith Jarvi MD University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Sajal Gupta MD Director of Murray Koffler Urologic Lois Pope Life Center Andrology Laboratory Wellness Center, Head of Urology Miami, FL, USA Center for Reproductive Medicine Mount Sinai Hospital Glickman Urological and Kidney Professor of Surgery Nina Desai PhD Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Director of Male Infertility Program IVF Laboratory Director University of Toronto Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Sandro C Esteves MD PhD Toronto, ON, Canada of Case Western Reserve University Director, ANDROFERT Cleveland Clinic Foundation Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic Kirk C Lo MD FRCSC Cleveland, OH, USA Campinas, SP, Brazil Assistant Professor Division of Urology Nissankararao Mary Praveena Shaikat Hossain MSc Department of Surgery Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences Mount Sinai Hospital Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India The University of Texas Dallas University of Toronto Richardson, TX, USA Toronto, ON, Canada Pasquale Patrizio MD MBE Professor and Director Sherman J Silber MD FACS Laura Rienzi PhD Yale University Fertility Center Medical Director Direttore del Laboratorio Department of Obstetrics Infertility Center of St. Louis Centro GENERA, Clinica Valle Giulia Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences St Luke’s Hospital Rome, Italy New Haven, Connecticut, USA St Louis, MO, USA Contributors ix Sonja Grunewald MD Tahir Beydola BS Uwe Paasch MD PhD Physician, University of Leipzig Center for Reproductive Medicine Andrologist (EAA) Department of Dermatology Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute University of Leipzig Venerology and Allergology Cleveland, OH, USA Department of Dermatology European Training Center of Andrology European Training Center of Andrology Leipzig, Germany Tamer M Said MD PhD Division of Dermatopathology The Toronto Institute for Reproductive Division of Aesthetics and Laserdermatology Stefan du Plessis PhD Medicine, ReproMed Leipzig, Germany Division of Medical Physiology Toronto, ON, Canada Faculty of Health Sciences Viacheslav Iremashvili MD PhD Stellenbosch University Tolou Adetipe MBBS DFRSH MBA Department of Urology Tygerberg, South Africa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Miami Miller Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Trust School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Stephen Troup PhD Dip RCPath Liverpool, UK Scientific Director Wayne Kuang MD Hewitt Center for Reproductive Medicine Trustin Domes MD Assistant Professor Liverpool Women’s Hospital Fellow, Male Reproductive Medicine and Division of Urology Liverpool, UK Surgery University of New Mexico Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Director, Southwest Fertility Center for Men Sudha Ranganathan MBBS MD DNB Mount Sinai Hospital Albuquerque, NM, USA Research Assistant University of Toronto Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Toronto, ON, Canada Zsolt Peter Nagy MD PhD Infertility Scientific and Laboratory Director Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Biology Associates University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA Atlanta, GA, USA Preface Scientific advances made in the field of male infertility have surpassed most disciplines of medicine.
We would dare to say that the last twenty years have witnessed developments in this field that overshadow all scientific developments in the previous two millennia. The ancient Egyptian physicians were interested in male health including carrying out male circumcision as recorded on the temple walls over 3000 years ago. It is thought that the earliest reference to spermatozoon came from the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, which was written in the XVIIIth dynasty (1500 BC) and recorded that sperm originated from the bones. However, the Greek philosophers had more elaborate thoughts about semen (Greek θεµεν = seed) and spermatozoa (σπερµν = to sow, and ζωον = living thing or animal).
Nevertheless, it was Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesman and a maker of microscopes who observed and provided diagrammatic representation of sperm. He wrote a letter to the Medical Society of London in 1696 which he described observing cells with tails when he examined human semen under the microscope. He called sperm ‘homunculi’, believing they consisted of the same parts of the body of the future male or female individ- uals, distinguishing two different shapes of sperm corresponding to the two sexes. His attempts to dissect a dried sperm, by brushing, to see the parts of the homunculi were fruitless.
He made no mention of pathological forms but noted that sperms were absent in the semen of infertile men. He demonstrated sperm in the genital tracts of domesticated animals after copula- tion and stated that they lived longer in vivo than in vitro. The evaluation of human semen and its relevance to male fertility potential received a significant boost in mid twentieth century through the work of John MacLeod and Ruth Gold that demonstrated clear differences between subfertile and fertile men in sperm count, motility, and morphology. They described seven different forms of sperm head morphology that are used in our present day.
From a different perspective, one of the great advances in treating male infertility was the development of intracytoplasmic injection in 1991 at the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels.