BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KINH TẾ TP. HÒ CHÍ MINH BẢO CẢO TỎNG KÊT ĐÈ TÀI NGHIÊN cứu KHOA HỌC THAM GIA XÉT GIẢI THƯỞNG ‘’NHÀ NGHIÊN CỨU TRẺ UEH” NĂM 2024 INCOME INEQUALITY AND FINANCIAL STABILITY: HOW RELEVANT IS FINANCIAL INCLUSION? - EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS Thuộc nhóm chuyên ngành: 1 (Tài chính - Ngân hàng) TP. Hồ Chí Minh, tháng 02/2024 ABSTRACT Our research investigates the role of financial inclusion as a catalyst for improving income inequality and enhancing financial stability across countries through a sample including 190 countries from 2002 to 2021. Our findings reveal that increased levels of financial inclusion are associated with lower income inequality, indicating that broader access to financial services can facilitate wealth accumulation and economic participation among marginalized populations.
Additionally, we observe a positive relationship between financial inclusion and financial stability, suggesting that improved access to formal financial services can mitigate systemic risks associated with informal and unregulated financial activities. However, the effectiveness of financial inclusion policies in addressing income inequality and promoting financial stability varies across countries. The effectiveness of financial inclusion in promoting financial stability will be less in countries with developing economies than in developed countries. Therefore, policymakers must adopt tailored approaches that consider country-specific contexts to maximize the impact of financial inclusion initiatives.
Keywords: financial inclusion, income inequality, financial stability, cross country analysis, 20 years ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. Introduce the problem. Research objective andquestion. Research subject andscope.
LITERATURE REVIEWAND RESEARCH HYPOTHESES. Impact of financial inclusion on the G1NI Index. Impact of financial inclusion on financial stability. RESEARCH MODELSAND METHODOLODY.
Research models and variables. Sample and data. Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix. Testing the impacts of financial inclusion on the GINI Index.
Testing the country’s economic development and financial sustainability- financial inclusion relations. Testing the country’s income level and financial sustainability-financial inclusion relations. Introduce the problem The global financial crisis has had a significant impact on income inequality, primarily through reductions in essential expenditures and increases in unemployment, thereby exerting downward pressure on wages. The World Bank (2020) reported that the global recession has caused many developing countries to become much poorer, estimating that between 88 and 115 million people are estimated to have been forced below the poverty line.
According to their findings, the crisis most likely made global inequality worse (World Bank, 2020). In recent years, governments and central banks in numerous countries have shown a growing interest in the concept of financial inclusion due to its potential contributions to macroeconomic stability and its ability to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy. Thus, financial inclusion emerges as a dynamic tool for achieving multidimensional macroeconomic stability, sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction, and income equality, has attracted substantial attention from governments, practitioners, and academics. Financial inclusion is generally defined as the process of ensuring timely access to financial services and adequate credit where needed by all social classes and groups at an affordable cost (United Nations, 2016).
The emergence of financial inclusion fosters social inclusion by providing convenient access, availability, and usage of formal financial services to the “newly banked'’, primarily comprising underprivileged population segments, vulnerable and disadvantaged groups such as rural dwellers, women, and low-income families who benefit significantly from basic financial services like savings, borrowings, payment, and insurance (World Bank, 2014). Over the past few years, financial inclusion has achieved significant milestones, characterized by the establishment of a well-developed financial inclusion service infrastructure and extensive service coverage. Early entrants in this domain included informal financial institutions, such as various micro-credit companies, which primarily extended loans to rural residents, small and micro enterprises, and other underserved groups. However, due to the incomplete regulatory framework at that time, some of these institutions engaged in unethical practices, 2 leading to instances of financial misconduct.
Afterward, traditional financial institutions also began to focus on the financial inclusion sector. In addition to city commercial banks, rural commercial banks, and village banks, which primarily cater to the needs of rural residents and small and micro enterprises, large state-owned commercial banks and joint-stock commercial banks established dedicated financial inclusion departments around 2017. The objective was to channel more financial resources towards ‘‘agriculture, rural areas, and farmers’', as well as small and micro enterprises, thereby providing effective support to the development of the real economy. Indeed, financial inclusion fills up gaps by giving firms and households belter access to the resources they need to finance investments and consumption, which boosts the level of economic activity.
With greater financial inclusion, people who were previously financially excluded can invest in education, accumulate savings, and launch businesses. Additionally, it promotes inclusive growth due to allowing economic agents to participate in long-term participatory investment activities, facilitating the efficient allocation of productive resources, lowering capital costs, helping them tackle unforeseen short-term shocks, greatly improves day-to-day financial management, and curbing exploitative informal credit sources (Dcmirguc-Kunt et al. Having understood the essence of financial inclusion for the development of a nation, developing and emerging countries arc trying to attain universal financial inclusion (Ahamed & Mallick, 2019). According to Ozili (2018, 2020), financial inclusion has garnered significant attention from policymakers and scholars due to four key reasons.
Firstly, it is viewed as a pivotal strategy in achieving the United Nations' sustainable development goals (Demirguc-Kunt et al., 2017; Sahay et al. Secondly, financial inclusion is recognized for its role in enhancing social inclusion within many societies (Bold et al. Thirdly, it is acknowledged that financial inclusion can contribute to reducing poverty levels to a desired minimum (Chibba, 2009; Neaime & Gaysset, 2018). Lastly, financial inclusion is associated with various socioeconomic benefits (Kpodar & Andrianaivo, 2011; Sarma & Pais, 2008).
Policymakers in several countries are committing significant resources to 3 increase the level of financial inclusion in order to reduce financial exclusion. However, it’s important to distinguish between involuntary and voluntary exclusion. As per the World Bank (2014) definition, voluntary exclusion refers to a situation in which certain segments of the population or linns opt not to utilize financial services, either due to a lack of necessity for them or for cultural or religious reasons. In contrast, involuntary exclusion arises from having insufficient income and a high risk profile or because of discrimination, market failure, and imperfection.
Policy and research initiatives should prioritize addressing involuntary exclusion, as it can be remedied through the design and implementation of appropriate economic programs and policies, that can correct them and improve underlying issues such as a person's income level and risk profile. The optimal distribution of capital resources, however, may be jeopardized by asymmetric information and market flaws. Some firms and households might be kept out of formal financial markets, ending up having a detrimental effect on equitable economic growth. It is not unexpected that there are issues with how finance and development interact on a global scale, particularly in areas where income inequality and financial exclusion are still ubiquitous.
As an illustration, the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledges that financial inclusion is essential to accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and minimizing inequality (SDG 10) (Klappcr, El-Zoghbi, & Hess 2016). According to the Global Findcx database, 1.7 billion adults around the world still lack access to formal financial services, and 760,000 of those with access still do not use it, despite notable advancements in financial inclusion in recent years. Frequently cited reasons for not owning or utilizing a financial institution account include costly expenses, distance, and documentation requirements (Demirgũẹ-Kunt et al. In order for low-income households to afford their profitable investments and economic activity, the need to save and have access to credit is taken as the top priority (Teka et al.
Yet, only 27% of the residents in Asia have bank accounts, and only 33% of businesses in the region have access to credit and loans; as a result, over 1 billion Asian adults in the region lack formal financial services (Bhardwaj Ct al. Financial stability is also just as important because it is one of the primary 4 elements of price stability and also benefits the real economy by fostering systemic confidence and averting phenomena like bank runs, which hold the potential to destabilize an entire country. Indeed, financial stability has become a major concern across borders. The primary causes of this concern are the multiple financial crises that have occurred since the end of the 1980s.
Examples of these crises include the Asian financial crisis (1997-1998) and the global financial crisis (GFC; 2007-2008), which spread quickly throughout the world and demonstrated the need to identify and keep an eye on financial institutions whose problems could potentially spread throughout the financial system because their regulatory mechanisms are ill-equipped to contain the risky excesses of financial institutions. Some authors have praised the merits of enhanced financial inclusion over stability (Morgan & Pontines, 2014; Wang & Luo, 2022), arguing that higher financial inclusion not only expands the customer pool of banks and thus mitigates their risk but also broadens the bank deposit base and promotes their stability. On the other hand, other authors have demonstrated the reverse correlation between financial stability and inclusion, contending that efforts by financial institutions to broaden their clientele may result in a loosening of lending rules and regulations (Khan, 2011), leading to proliferation of non-performing loans, which could pose serious risks to the financial system's stability. In particular, potential risks arising from borrowing by low-income groups of the population are mentioned because their participation in the financial sector bears greater information and transaction costs.
Furthermore, a bad credit history for low-income borrowers may contribute to increased financial instability. Whether financial inclusion would promote or hinder bank stability thus depends on the off-setting forces of the positive and negative impacts of financial inclusion. As a result, the concept of financial inclusion has gained widespread popularity and advanced on the global reform agenda due to its ability to maintain stability in financial systems and reduce income inequality. In 2019, during the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, it was proposed to “enhance the modern financial system to one that is highly adaptable, competitive, and inclusive" and to “effectively prevent and resolve financial risks".
Subsequently, in August 2020, the spokesperson of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission affirmed 5 during an interview that, through reform and opening up, technological empowerment, and intensive management, financial institutions would strategically allocate inclusive financial resources and maintain credit risks within a controllable range. At present, real-world financial systems are far from inclusive; they are characterized by rapid change and technological innovation in the finance sector, along with the introduction of new products and new forms of payment. So, more emphasis is being placed on financial inclusion, which reflects its potentially transformative power to accelerate inclusive development. Research objective and question Up to now, many studies have investigated the determinants of financial inclusion, appropriate econometric measures of financial inclusion at the region and single country level, consistent macro-level data across nations, and effective types of financial sendees on the user level.
There is also evidence on financial inclusion's effects on economic growth, financial stability, female empowerment, poverty alleviation, and income inequality, which has laid the foundation for this field of research. Accordingly, the urgency of this research has emerged when these studies are insufficient to comprehend the broader macroeconomic implications of financial inclusion, thus providing key policy insights for policymakers to design and implement appropriate economic programs and policies to increase income levels and con*cct market failures and imperfections, which in turn will be able to help achieve sustainable development. By fusing together two strands of the literature (financial inclusion-income inequality and financial inclusion-financial stability), this paper contributes to the existing literature by 1) developing a financial inclusion measure that utilizes available cross-country data, 2) focusing on a broad range of countries, and 3) understanding the link between financial inclusion and income inequality and financial stability on a global scale.