MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES ["\ AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO IMPROVE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SKILLS FOR NON-MAJOR SOPHOMORES IN ENGLISH AT HONG BANG UNIVERSITY A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (TESOL) Submitted by NGUYEN THANH TUAN Ho Chi Minh City –2006 i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled “AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO IMPROVE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SKILLS FOR NON - MAJOR SOPHOMORES IN ENGLISH AT HONG BANG UNIVERSITY” in terms of the statement of requirements for theses in Master’s Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee. Ho Chi Minh City, 2006 Signature NGUYEÃN THANH TUAÁN ii RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Nguyen Thanh Tuan, being the candidate for the degree of Master of TESOL, accept the requirements of the university relating to the retention and use of Master’s theses deposited in the library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the library should be accessible for purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the library for the care, loan or reproduction of thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, 2006 Signature NGUYEÃN THANH TUAÁN iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Le Huy Loc, M.A and Cao Thi Quynh Loan, M.A, who read my thesis with great care and gave me precious advice and insightful comments.
As whole- hearted teachers, they helped me think through the problems and complete this thesis. I’m very grateful to Dr Nguyen Tien Hung, Chair of the Department of English Linguistics of the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, who has created favorable conditions for my fulfillment of the thesis. My special thanks must go to Dr Pham Van Tho, Dean of the Department of English Linguistics and Literature, and many teachers and students at Hong Bang University, who provided me with useful information for this research. At last, I would like to say thanks to my family, friends and colleagues, who were particularly of great assistance in spirit.
iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CLT : Communicative Language Teaching L1 : The First Language L2 : The Second Language TESOL : Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages VSC03 : Vietnamese Studies Class 2003 ASC03 : Australian Studies Class 2003 OUP : Oxford University Press CUP : Cambridge University Press USSH : University of Social Sciences and Humanities v LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS Pages Table 1 : The attitudes and needs of students---------------------44 Table 2A : Factors involved in listening -----------------------------46 Table 2B : Cultural factors involved in listening -------------------50 Table 2C : Factors involved in listening -----------------------------52 Table 3 : The results of solutions ----------------------------------54 Table 4 : The listening activities students are interested in -----58 Table 5 : Teaching Aids----------------------------------------------60 Table 6 : The results of tests ----------------------------------------63 Charts : Test results in comparison between groups ------------65 vi ABSTRACT Listening is both a general skill in most learning situations and a process in which students need practice and guidance to master. So it is essential for a teacher to have an overall understanding of what listening is, why it is difficult for foreign-language learners, and what some solutions may be. The vital question is how to reduce distraction in learning listening and bridge the gap between listening comprehension practice in classroom and real-life listening activities. To be effective listeners, however, students need a more specific focus than just attending to what is said.
The supplementary listening activities provided in this thesis offer a wide range of listening practice. The activities cover a variety of formal and informal styles of language, from interviews and presentations to conversational dialogues. Passages are of various lengths, and for each passage a photocopiable recording script is available. The thesis consists of six chapters: Chapter 1 states significance, purpose and limitation of the study, and reasons for the research.
Chapter 2 provides the theoretical background for the topic of the research. Chapter 3 mentions research technique, research subjects, research procedure, and data analysis. vii Chapter 4 presents the main findings and gives discussions. Chapter 5 shows a conclusion that the various supplement of task- based listening activities to the listening material used for non-major sophomores in English at Hong Bang University is effective.
Chapter 6 recommends some solutions for teaching listening and some task-based listening activities which may be applied in the course taught at Hong Bang University. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Certificate of Originality ----------------------------------------------------ii Retention and Use of the Thesis -------------------------------------------iii Acknowledgements-----------------------------------------------------------iv List of Abbreviations---------------------------------------------------------v List of Tables and Charts ---------------------------------------------------vi Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------1 1. Significance of the study -------------------------------------------------1 2. Reasons for the research -------------------------------------------------2 3.
Purpose of statement -----------------------------------------------------3 4. The research questions ---------------------------------------------------4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ----------------------------5 1. Types of language teaching syllabus ----------------------------------5 2. Overview of listening comprehension ---------------------------------7 3.
Focus on learners ---------------------------------------------------------8 3. Styles of learners -----------------------------------------------------8 ix 3. Learners’ internal factors involved in listening success --------8 3. Attitude and interest ------------------------------------------- 8 3.
Listening in another language ------------------------------------------16 4. The types of listening ------------------------------------------------16 4. Real-life listening ----------------------------------------------16 4. The nature of listening process -------------------------------------17 4.
Teaching listening comprehension -------------------------------------20 5. The stages of listening ----------------------------------------------22 5. The expectation and purpose of listeners -------------------------23 5. Learning listening through the strategies -------------------------25 5.
Relaxing situations of listening in class ---------------------------27 5. Listening to stories ---------------------------------------------28 5. Task-based language teaching -------------------------------------29 5. Teacher’s role and instruction --------------------------------------34 5.
Pair-work and group-work ------------------------------------------36 5. The purpose of tests ------------------------------------------------38 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY -------------------------------------39 1. Students’ questionnaire results-------------------------------------43 2. Students’ attitudes and needs towards learning listening---43 2.
The influence of language and phonology knowledge on learning listening ---------------------------------------------45 2. Cultural hindrance involved in listening comprehension----49 2. Teacher’s instructions and listening topic in class -----------52 2. Solutions applied to teaching listening ------------------------53 2.
Task-based listening activities----------------------------------57 2. Students’ assessment of audio-visual teaching aids ---------59 xi 2. The information of oral interviews from teachers----------------60 2. The results of tests----------------------------------------------------62 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ------------------67 1.
The attitude, interest and need of the students towards the listening material--------------------------------------------------------67 2. Lack of focus on listening-----------------------------------------------68 3. The findings of activating background knowledge ------------------69 4. Discussing a topic at the pre-listening stage -------------------------72 5.
The evaluation of listening practice in pairs and groups -----------73 6. Determining the goal of listening -------------------------------------75 7. General information and detailed information ----------------------75 8. Audio-visual teaching aids ----------------------------------------------77 10.
The supplement of task-based listening activities------------------79 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------85 CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS -----------------------------87 APPENDIX -------------------------------------------------------------------95 Tentative supplement activities -------------------------------------------95 Questionnaire -------------------------------------------------------------- 123 Interview questions for teachers ----------------------------------------- 130 Test 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 132 Test 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 134 xii Answer keys (Test 1) ------------------------------------------------------ 137 Answer keys (Test 2) ------------------------------------------------------ 139 The partial statistic results of the first test ----------------------------- 141 The partial statistic results of the second test -------------------------- 142 Tapescript 1 (test 1) ------------------------------------------------------- 143 Tapescript 2 (test 2) ------------------------------------------------------- 145 Tapescript 3 (tentative supplement activities) ------------------------- 149 REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------ 179 xiii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Significance of the study Nowadays, English plays an important role in our life because of its usefulness and people’s need for work. In Vietnam, it has been one of the most important foreign languages at schools, colleges and universities for over thirty years. Most students find practicing listening to English boring, and they don’t have a lot of chances to listen to authentic English.
In addition, they don’t recognize the importance of the listening skill in communication. Listening is considered as a means of communication. The inability of a listener to understand what is heard easily causes misunderstanding and leads to ineffective communication. Besides, learning listening can help students improve their speaking skill.
In order to develop students’ listening skill, teachers must raise their awareness of the difference between written and spoken language. Listening is quite different from reading, 1 because students have to work on a piece of spoken language, instead of written language used for reading. However, both listening and reading are “receptive skills” and students must receive information in different ways. Learning listening requires students to have a good focus on a piece of spoken language in order to pick out the necessary information, but my students have been unsuccessful in doing this.
Reasons for the research The reasons for the research start from the difficulties Hong Bang University has in teaching English, especially the listening skill. • The second-year students from the Faculty of Asian- Pacific Studies have many problems with learning listening. • Hong Bang University hasn’t found suitable course material. The listening material which has been used for the second-year students from the Faculty of Asian-Pacific Studies still hasn’t satisfied the needs and interests of the students because there is insufficient variety of listening activities.
• Some teachers have had difficulties in choosing more task-based listening activities to supplement the material in the course. Purpose of statement The purpose of the study is to improve the ability of learning listening, to meet the needs of students and provide them an interesting environment for learning. This thesis also helps students have a better focus on the process of listening and lead them to successful comprehension of spoken English. The thesis aims to find out the difficulties which my students have in the process of learning listening, and an effective way to solve these difficulties.
Finally, the thesis doesn’t only provide a source of activities to practice listening, but also helps teachers choose several of the available activities to supplement the listening material in a course. Limitation The thesis is about the common problems that prevent students from learning listening skills and provides some solutions for problems in teaching listening. A variety of task- based listening activities is recommended to be used for listening practice in class. These listening activities were designed to improve the listening skill for the pre-intermediate sophomores from the Faculty of Asian-Pacific Studies, including the studies of Vietnam, Australia, and Southeast-Asia at Hong Bang University; and they may not be applicable in other contexts.
The research questions A. Which factors prevent the students from focusing on a text and understanding it in the process of learning listening? B. What can be done to improve their listening comprehension skill? 4 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Many famous authors of methodology have expressed different opinions on teaching listening. Different views of teaching listening lead to different methods of teaching and different approaches to the preparation of teachers.
Teaching listening depends on learning facilities, learning environment, teaching syllabus, and type of students. Because of these factors, I think teachers of listening must choose an appropriate method for each particular situation. However, particular teaching methods may work well in one class but fail in another. Types of language teaching syllabus Krahnke (1994:10-13) shows that all actual language teaching syllabi are combinations of two or more of the types.
The types of syllabus are not entirely distinct from each other. The distinction between syllabi defined as skill-based and those defined as task-based may be minimal. There are six types of syllabus: 5 - A structural syllabus is one in which the content of language teaching is a collection of the forms and structures, usually grammatical, of the language being taught. - A notional/ functional syllabus is one in which the content of language teaching is a collection of the functions or notions that are performed when language is used to express.
- A situational syllabus is one in which the content of language teaching is a collection of real or imaginary situations in which language is used. A situation involves several participants in some activity in a specific setting. The language used in the situation involves a number of functions. - A content-based syllabus is not really a language teaching syllabus at all.