MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING CAN THO UNIVERSITY LE THI HONG GAM EFFECTS OF NITRITE, TEMPERATURE AND HYPERCAPNIA ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND GROWTH IN CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831) DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF AQUACULTURE Can Tho, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING CAN THO UNIVERSITY LE THI HONG GAM EFFECTS OF NITRITE, TEMPERATURE AND HYPERCAPNIA ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND GROWTH IN CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831) Major: Aquaculture Major code: 9 62 03 01 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF AQUACULTURE Supervisor Prof. NGUYEN THANH PHUONG Can Tho, 2018 Data sheet Title: Effects of nitrite, temperature and hypercapnia on physiological processes and growth in clown knifefish (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831) Subtitle: PhD Dissertation Author: Le Thi Hong Gam, PhD student code: P0613005 Major: Aquaculture, Major code: 9 62 62 03 01 Affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Aquatic Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Vietnam Publication year 2018 Cited as: Le Thi Hong Gam, 2018. Effects of nitrite, temperature and hypercapnia on physiological processes and growth in clown knifefish (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831). College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Vietnam.
Keywords: Climate change, air-breathing fish, clown knifefish, nitrite, temperature, hypercapnia, methaemoglobin reductase activity, acid-base balance, ion exchange Supervisors: Prof. Nguyen Thanh Phuong, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam. Mark Bayley, Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark. Do Thi Thanh Huong, Department of Nutrition and Aquatic Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam.
Frank Bo Jensen, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. i Result commitment I commit that this dissertation was investigated based on all the results of my study. All showed data and results in the dissertation were honest and have never been published before. The iAQUA project can completely use these data and results.
Can Tho, 18th Nov, 2018 ii Acknowledgements Foremost, my sincere thanks go to my principal supervisors Nguyen Thanh Phuong and Do Thi Thanh Huong, who have given me the opportunity of studying, enthusiastic guidances and detailed revisions for my thesis as well as positive encouragements in any situation throughout my academic research process. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Mark Bayley, who has supported, inspired, built my passion in doing researches, also revised the manuscripts and shared the life experiences for me being more mature. My deep thanks also give to Frank Bo Jensen, who has taught me the techniques related to my main research about nitrite toxicity and helped me in manuscript revisions as well as showed me Odense city in my trip to Denmark. The invaluable supports from all of them from the first day I stepped into the iAQUA project have brought to what I have today.
Also, I would like to give my thanks to Tobias Wang, the staff and students in Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University for my stays in Denmark. I sincerely thank for the positive supports from Christian Damsgaard, who showed me the knowledge related to acid-base regulation. My thanks also go to Roy, John, Elin and Louise for showing Aarhus city and inviting me to their home. My great thanks give to the staff and students in Department of Nutrition and Aquatic Products Processing, where my project was investigated.
I greatly thank to Nguyen Quoc Thinh, Le Thi Minh Thuy and Tran Minh Phu, who shared me their experiences about studying PhD, writing and publishing the articles. I would like to give my thanks to my fellow friends in iAQUA project: Nguyen Thi Kim Ha, Le My Phuong, Phan Vinh Thinh, and Dang Diem Tuong for their friendships and what we enjoyed together from the working environment as well as all the funs outside the campus, especially Phan Vinh Thinh, who has cared me from meals and movements during my intensively experimental works and the trips in Denmark. I also appreciate the positive co-operations from Master students such as Nguyen Thi Thuy Vu and Tran Trong Nhan; Bachelor students: Ma Thanh Quoc Tri, Pham Quoc Boong, Dinh Phuc Tai, Ly Thi Ngoc Huynh, Nguyen Ngoc Mai and Dao Dang Hoang Ngan during our academic activities. iii I would like to thank my family and my friends for their love and spiritual supports during my study.
My special thanks give to my sister Le Thi Hong Dao, who has supported me about both financial and mental sides from Bachelor’s degree up to date. She has always been my side for sharing happiness and sadness throughout my whole life. Last but not least, thanks to all the sacrifired clown knifefish in my project. iv Table of contents Data sheet.
iii Table of contents. v List of figures. x List of tables. xii List of abbreviation .2 The objectives of dissertation .3 The main projects of dissertation .4 The hypotheses of dissertation .5 New findings of the dissertation .6 Significant contributions of the dissertation .1 The status and importance of aquaculture and fisheries .2 Climate changes and impacts on aquaculture and fisheries .3 The status of farming clown knifefish (C.
ornata) in MD .4 Background about effects of some key environmental parameters on physiological processes and growth in aquaculture .3 Hypercapnia (elevated level of carbon dioxide) and acid-base balance. 29 v EXTREME NITRITE TOLERANCE IN THE CLOWN KNIFEFISH CHITALA ORNATA IS LINKED TO UP-REGULATION OF METHAEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE ACTIVITY. Materials and methods.2 Determination of acute nitrite toxicity (96 h LC50) .3 Sub-lethal exposures and blood sampling .4 Analysis of haemoglobin derivatives .5 Plasma ion and protein analysis .6 Measurements of whole body water content .7 Methaemoglobin reductase activity.2 MetHb reductase activity. 54 EFFECTS OF NITRITE EXPOSURE ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND GROWTH IN CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala ornata, GRAY 1831) .2 Materials and methods.1 Effects of nitrite on haematological parameters in C.2 Effects of nitrite on growth of C.3 Results and discussion .1 Effects of nitrite on haematological paramters in C.2 Effects of nitrite on growth parameters in clown knifefish C.
69 THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED ENVIRONMENTAL CO2 ON NITRITE UPTAKE IN THE AIR-BREATHING CLOWN KNIFEFISH CHITALA ORNATA .2 Materials and methods.1 Acid-base parameters and plasma ions .2 Nitrite uptake and levels of Hb derivatives. 93 THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF NITRITE AND ELEVATED ENVIRONMENTAL CO2 ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN SMALL-SIZED CLOWN KNIFEFISH (CHITALA ORNATA) .2 Materials and methods.1 Animal handling and experimental protocols .1 Combined effects of nitrite and carbon dioxide on haematological parameters in small-sized C.2 Combined effects of nitrite and carbon dioxide on acid-base parameters and plasma ions in small-sized C. 115 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CLOWN KNIFEFISH (CHITALA ORNATA). Materials and methods.2 Determination of temperature limits in the clown knifefish .3 Effect of different levels of temperature on haematological parameters .1 Temperature tolerance in C.2 Effects of different temperatures on physiological parameters in small-sized C.3 Effects of different temperatures on physiological parameters in large-sized C.
141 EFFECTS OF NITRITE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND GROWTH IN CLOWN KNIFEFISH CHITALA ORNATA. Materials and methods.1 Experimental animals and general experimental design .2 Determination of acute nitrite toxicity (96 h LC50) at 30ºC and 33ºC in C.3 Sub-lethal nitrite exposures at different temperatures and blood sampling in C.4 Analysis of haemoglobin derivatives .5 Effects of nitrite at different temperatures on growth and digestive enzyme activities in C.1 Values of 96 h LC50 for nitrite at different temperatures in C.2 Effects of nitrite at different temperatures in C.3 Effects of nitrite at different temperatures on growth and digestive enzyme activity in C. 173 A SURVEY ON SOME ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS IN CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala ornata, Gray 1831) PONDS. Materials and methods.3 Results and discussion .1 Effects of nitrite exposure to physiological functions in C.2 Effects of nitrite exposure on growth in C.3 Effects of elevated temperatures to physiogical parameters in C.4 Combined effects of hypercapnia and nitrite on nitrite uptake and acid-base regulation in C.
185 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .1 Recommendations for intensive farming systems .2 Recommendations for further studies. 186 List of appendices. Information in the C. ornata culture ponds .3: Determing the values of 96h LC50 for nitrite at 27, 30 and 33ºC in C.
188 List of pictures about experimental setup, blood sampling and devices of analysis used in the studies. 189 ix List of figures Figure 3. ornata (8-10g) by a function of nitrite concentration .2 Extinction coefficients for the four haemoglobin species at wavelengths from 480 to 700 nm and spectrum from a fish exposed to 1 mM nitrite for 2 day and the fitted curve .3 Plasma NO2-, plasma NO3-, percentage metHb, percentage HbNO, functional Hb and total plasma nitrite and nitrate after exposure to nitrite .4 Plasma chloride, plasma sodium, plasma HCO3-, plasma osmolality, blood lactate after exposure to nitrite .5 Plasma protein and whole body water content after exposure to nitrite .6 Davenport diagram, blood PCO2, pHe after exposure to nitrite .7 Rate constant (k, min-1) for erythrocyte metHb decline via metHb reductase in fish exposed to nitrite .1 Haematological paramters in C. ornata after 14 days exposed to nitrite.2 Growth paramters in C.
ornata after 90 days exposed to nitrite .1 Time-dependent changes in pHe, plasma bicarbonate, plasma Cl-, PCO2, plasma Na+, and plasma osmolality during exposure to nitrite and hypercapnia .2 Davenport diagram showing changes in acid-base status during exposure to nitrite and hypercapnia .2 Time-dependent changes in plasma NO2-, metHb percentage, HbNO percentage, functional Hb, plasma NO3-, and the sum of plasma nitrite and nitrate during exposure to nitrite and hypercapnia .1 Plasma NO2-, metHb, HbNO (C), functional Hb, plasma NO3- (E), and total nitrite and nitrate after exposure to nitrite and carbon dioxide…100 Figure 6.1 pHe, plasma HCO3-, PCO2, plasma Na+ and osmolality after exposure to nitrite and carbon dioxide.2 Davenport diagram presenting the changes in acid-base status after exposure to nitrite and carbon dioxide .1 Plasma Na+, plasma osmolality plasma glucose, plasma K+ in small- sized C. ornata after exposed to five different temperatures 24ºC, 27ºC, 30ºC, 33ºC, 36ºC .2 pHe, blood PCO2, plasma HCO3-, plasma Cl- in small-sized C. ornata after exposed to five different temperatures 24ºC, 27ºC, 30ºC, 33ºC, 36ºC .1 Plasma Na+, plasma osmolality, plasma glucose, plasma K+ in large- sized C. ornata after exposed to five different temperatures 24ºC, 27ºC, 30ºC, 33ºC, 36ºC .2 pHe, PCO2, plasma HCO3-, plasma Cl- in large-sized C.
ornata after exposed to five different temperatures 24ºC, 27ºC, 30ºC, 33ºC, 36ºC. ornata (8-10 g) at three different temperatures: 27ºC, 30ºC, and 33ºC .2 Plasma NO2-, metHb, HbNO, functional Hb, plasma NO3-, and total NO2- and NO3- after exposed to nitrite at five different temperatures 24ºC, 27ºC, 30ºC, 33ºC, 36ºC .3 Plasma Na+, plasma osmolality, plasma Cl-, plasma HCO3- after exposed to nitrite at five different temperatures 24ºC, 27ºC, 30ºC, 33ºC, 36ºC .4 Davenport diagram presenting the changes in acid-base status, blood PCO2, and pHe after exposed to nitrite at five different temperatures 24ºC, 27ºC, 30ºC, 33ºC, 36ºC .5 Survival rate and FCR after 90 days exposed to nitrite at 27ºC (control), 30ºC, 33ºC, 1 mM nitrite at 27ºC, 1 mM nitrite at 30ºC, 1 mM nitrite at 33ºC .3 Temperature, pH, PCO2, PO2, NO2- (E), NO3- (F) in the water at the C. 176 xi List of tables Table 3.1 Hct, Hb and MCHC after exposure to nitrite .1 RBCs and WBCs after 14 days exposed to nitrite .2 Initial weight (W0), weight at day 90 (W90), WG, SGR, and DWG after 90 days exposed to nitrite.1 Plasma K+, plasma glucose during exposure to nitrite and hypercapnia .2 Hct, Hb and MCHC during exposure to nitrite and hypercapnia .1 RBCs and WBCs after exposure to nitrite and carbon dioxide.2 Hct, Hb and MCHC after exposure to nitrite and carbon dioxide .2 Plasma potassium and plasma glucose after exposure to nitrite and carbon dioxide .1 RBCs and WBCs in small-sized C. ornata after exposed to five different temperatures 24ºC; 27ºC; 30ºC; 33ºC 36ºC .