VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE THE USE OF CONJUNCTIVE AND LEXICAL RELATIONS FOR ELABORATION IN EXPOSITORY WRITING BY INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL EFL LEARNERS A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master‘s degree in TESOL By NGUYEN HOANG KHAM Supervised by DANG TAN TIN, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER 2021 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE THE USE OF CONJUNCTIVE AND LEXICAL RELATIONS FOR ELABORATION IN EXPOSITORY WRITING BY INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL EFL LEARNERS A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master‘s degree in TESOL By NGUYEN HOANG KHAM Supervised by DANG TAN TIN, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped and supported me during the hard time doing my research and completing this thesis. First, my gratefulness goes to my respectful supervisor, Dr.
Dang Tan Tin, for encouraging me to continuously review literature, write up and revise my thesis and providing me with valuable feedback and precious guidance throughout the tiring stages of doing research and thesis writing. I am thankful for the continuous support that the management of the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature provided when I was working on my thesis. My genuine appreciation also goes to my colleagues, for all the generous and enthusiastic support as well as the invaluable and professional advice they have given to help me better understand the issue under investigation. Last but not least, I am very grateful to my incomparably caring and loving family for always being by my side to cheer me up when I suffered stress from my work and study.
Without the encouragement, support and guidance provided by those named or unlisted, I would not have completed this Master‘s Thesis. I appreciate all i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: THE USE OF CONJUNCTIVE AND LEXICAL RELATIONS FOR ELABORATION IN EXPOSITORY WRITING BY INTERMEDIATE- LEVEL EFL LEARNERS In terms of the statement of Requirements for the Thesis in Master‘s Program issued by the Higher Degree Committee. The thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other situations. Ho Chi Minh City, Octorber 2021 Nguyen Hoang Kham ii RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Nguyen Hoang Kham, being the candidate for the degree of Master in TESOL, accept the requirements of University of Social Sciences and Humanities relating to the retention and use of Master‘s Theses deposited in the library.
In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the library for the care, loan or reproduction of the thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, October 2021 Nguyen Hoang Kham iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY. ii RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. vii LIST OF TABLES. viii LIST OF FIGURES .1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .2 AIM OF THE STUDY .4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .6 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS.
6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. HALLIDAY AND MATTHIESSEN‘S MODEL OF ELABORATION.2 Categories of elaboration .3 CONJUNCTIVE RELATIONS FOR ELABORATION .2 Categories of conjunctive relations .4 LEXICAL RELATIONS FOR ELABORATION.2 Categories of lexical relations .3 Lexical relations and context .5 THE FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS IN THE PRESENT STUDY .6 PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION .7 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE .2 Identification of topic sentence .3 Analysis of elaboration .4 Analysis of conjunctive relations .5 Analysis of lexical relations .8 INTER-RATER RELIABILITY. 49 v CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .2 Conjunctive relations for elaboration .3 Lexical relations for elaboration .2 Conjunctive relations for elaboration .3 Lexical relations for elaboration .1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS .2 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY. 76 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EFL English as a Foreign Language ELT English language teaching IB IELTS basic (the name of the IELTS course under study) IELTS International language testing system TOEFL Test of English as a foreign language CEFR Common European framework of reference for languages SFL Systemic Functional Linguistics RST Rhetorical Structural Theory GRI Get ready for IELTS vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Conjunctions in Halliday and Hasan (1976), Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), and the present study .2 Lexical relations in Halliday and Hasan (1976), Tanskanen (2006), Martin (1992), Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), and the present study .2 Conjunctions for elaboration .3 Coding scheme for elaborating conjunctions .4 Coding scheme for lexical relations .1 Frequencies of elaboration across levels .2 Effective and ineffective elaborations .3 Frequencies of conjunctions for elaboration .4 Conjunctions for effective and ineffective elaboration .5 Lexical relations for elaboration.
55 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Procedure of data analysis. 38 ix ABSTRACT Cohesion has been widely concerned in English as a foreign language (EFL) writing. Motivated by Halliday and Matthiessen‘s elaboration (2014), this study focused on conjunctions and lexical relations for elaborating relations in EFL expository writing. Conjunctions, in this study, were examined for each category of elaboration, namely, exposition, exemplification, and clarification.
Lexical relations consist of repetitions, synonyms, antonyms, and inclusion. Based on Halliday and Matthiessen‘s model of elaboration (2014), the analysis was conducted on 35 expository paragraphs written by intermediate-level learners at a suburban English center in Ho Chi Minh City. The results of analysis indicated the extent of elaboration and its corresponding conjunctions and lexical relations in the EFL learners‘ expository texts. The results revealed that the learners‘ texts demonstrated limited elaboration both in terms of quantity and quality.
Elaboration was not only inadequate but also involved problematic use of conjunctions and lexical relations. The learners used a variety of elaborating conjunctions, but these were not reliable evidence for elaboration. Likewise, a range of lexical relations were present yet largely ineffective for elaboration. The results contribute to understanding of how the EFL learners used conjunctions and lexical relations as resources for realizing elaboration in expository texts, rather than as isolated ties.
The findings have important implications for teaching writing including teaching conjunctions, pre-teaching vocabulary, and revision with respect to elaboration, as well as further research on the topic.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY In order to produce effective communicative text, it is important for EFL learners to attend to cohesion. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), ―the concept of cohesion is a semantic one, which refers to relation of meaning that exist within a text‖ (p. The phenomenon of cohesion occurs when the interpretation of an element depends on another in text. In practice, cohesion is a criterion for assessing the writing skills in high-stake English proficiency tests such as IELTS and TOEFL.
Under the Bachman‘s model of communicative competence (1990, p. 87), cohesion has an important part in textual competence of language users. However, the role of cohesion in EFL writing has not reached unanimous consensus among researchers. In general, there have been two major approaches to research on cohesion: one focused on cohesion as individual ties (a single instance of cohesion) in isolation; the other attempted to align cohesion with coherence.
These two approaches have underpinned the research on cohesion in EFL writing, manifesting in two opposing research strands. In the first strand, cohesion was examined as composed of individual ties. For example, Khalil (1990) investigated frequencies of cohesive devices used in EFL written texts. Zhang (2000) researched the number of cohesive devices in expository writing by EFL university students.
Similarly, Tran (2011) explored the frequencies of cohesive ties in argumentative essays by EFL learners. More recently, Crossley, Kyle, and McNamara (2016) examined cohesive devices at global, local, and text levels used by university students. While cohesion has been examined from a range of research settings, it tended to be broken down into individual ties in isolation., Crossley et al., 2016; Flowerdew, 2013) agree that cohesive devices do not operate in isolation. 2 As a result, cohesion in this strand was often found distinct from coherence.
Connor (1984) pointed out that cohesion was poorly correlated with coherence in English learners‘ written texts. Likewise, Khalil (1989) found similar findings when correlating cohesion with coherence in EFL writing. Leki, Cumming, and Silva (2009) commented that cohesion does not do their job of tying in EFL texts, and these texts are uninterpretable despite presence of cohesive device. Crowhurst (1980) thus recommend that the most informative research on cohesion in students' writing does not come from merely counting instances; instead, researchers should focus on differences that exist in the way a particular cohesive item is used.
Meanwhile, the second strand attempted to intertwine cohesion together with coherence. Morley (2006) analyzed the use of lexical cohesion as resources for structuring argument in English newspaper discourse. Tanskanen (2006) investigated the use of lexical cohesion as contributing to coherence across different text types. Alarcon (2013) examined the relationship between lexical cohesion and writing quality in argumentative essays written by undergraduate students in a Filipino university.
Berzlánovich and Redeker (2012) investigated the alignment between lexical cohesion and rhetorical structure in expository and persuasive texts. From this body of research emerges two important considerations for the present study. First, the studies claimed to investigate relationship between cohesion and coherence. While cohesion tended to be fixed since it was mainly based on Halliday and Hasan‘ classical model (1976), coherence has been approached from different perspectives.
For example, Connor (1984) used multiple measures (topical structural analysis and problem-solving model) to approach coherence of argumentative writing. Meanwhile, Khalil (1990) adopted Grice‘s maxims of cooperation to measure coherence. Berzlánovich and Redeker (2012) employed Rhetorical Structural Theory (RST) scheme of relations to examine coherence. Although numerous studies have been conducted to investigate cohesion, research on cohesive resources for realizing rhetorical function has remained rather scarce.
3 Second, while many studies were conducted on cohesion as realizing rhetorical functions, they were mainly based on native speakers‘ data rather than EFL written texts. Morley (2006) was interested in newspaper discourse written by professional writers. Similarly, Berzlánovich and Redeker (2012) investigated lexical cohesion aligned with rhetorical structure of texts by native language users. The only exception that could be found is Alarcon (2013), who was concerned with rhetorical functions of lexical cohesion in argumentative writing by EFL learners in the Philippines.
There is, then, a lack of research into cohesion that is aligned with rhetorical in the context of EFL learner writers, especially at English centers. Thus, it is still unclear whether the use of cohesive devices contribute to rhetorical functions in EFL written texts. The present study finds itself in the second research strand on cohesion, that is, as contributing to rhetorical organization of texts. Its focus is on expository writing as this genre is required by the research setting, on which the present research is based.
Moreover, when comparing (lexical) cohesion between expository texts and persuasive texts, Berzlánovich and Redeker (2012) found that lexical cohesion was more closely aligned with rhetorical structure of expository texts than that of persuasive texts. Informed by these researchers, expository writing provides a suitable context for investigating cohesion. However, unlike Berzlánovich and Redeker, this present study only concerns elaboration, a rhetorical function that is required much in this genre (Zhang, 2000).2 AIM OF THE STUDY Focusing on elaboration, the present study places itself in the Halliday and Matthiessen‘s model of elaboration (2014) as it not only addresses cohesive relations but also aligns them with elaborating relations, which corresponds to rhetorical functions featured in expository writing. The discussion on the framework and its relevance to expository writing will be provided in Chapter 2.