Ñ Study Guide and Student Solutio ual for MecMu 7 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 7e bt i. % z x ty, 4 x, @, ẹ vs ng ® co ta pee = ry du ‘ he % SG 7 3 z + 2 CA“ Beg OO SN % FN? fees Kees sos Lees O 8 aig he Keb og M6 ĐÀN cứ Để a oo eS „XS 3 4 Me Pee aS \ ` š va _ 'Ù , di g sản "Mr 4 , $ 4 bác fs & 8 ` ee eS # en ^ Ss * Ác. ï 2 k 5° Se & *, + = Re y P “se! ‘Se ae EL SOLUCIONARIO — : T77 Te 1 http://www.net EL SOLUCIONARIO LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS LOS SOLUCIONARIOS CONTIENEN TODOS LOS EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO RESUELTOS Y EXPLICADOS a DE FORMA CLARA VISTTANOS PARA DESARGALOS GRATIS. Study Guide and Student Solutions Manual for McMurry’s Organic Chemistry Seventh Edition Susan McMurry Cornell University THOMSON je BROOKS/COLE Australia s Brazil + Canada + Mexico + Singapore + Spain > United Kingdom + United States © 2008 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation.
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Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by email to thomsonrights@thomson. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Contents Solutions to Problems Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding 1 Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases 20 Review Unit1 38 Chapter 3 Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry 41 Chapter 4 Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and Their Stereochemistry 64 Chapter 5 An Overview of Organic Reactions 87 Review Unit2 102 Chapter 6 Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity 106 Chapter 7 Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis 131 Chapter 8 Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis 159 Review Unit 3 182 Chapter 9 Stereochemistry 185 Chapter 10 Organohalides 213 Chapter 11 Reactions of Alky! Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations 231 Review Unit 4 262 Chapter I2 Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy 266 Chapter 13. Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 287 Review Unit5 314 Chapter 14 Conjugated Dienes and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 317 Chapter 15 Benzene and Aromaticity 341 Chapter 16 Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 359 Review Unit6 398 Chapter I7 Alcohols and Phenols 402 Chapter 18 Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides 437 Review Unit 7 465 Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 468 Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles 511 Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions 536 Review Unit 8 574 Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions 578 Chapter 23.
Carbonyl Condensation Reactions 607 Chapter 24 Amines and Heterocycles 642 Review Unit9 684 Chapter 25 Biomolecules: Carbohydrates 687 Chapter 26 Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 719 Review Unit 10 747 Chapter 27 Biomolecules: Lipids 750 Chapter 28 Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids 776 Chapter 29 The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways 792 Review Unit 11 817 Chapter 30 Orbitals and Organic Chemistry: Pericyclic Reactions 821 Chapter 31 Synthetic Polymers 842 Review Unit 12 858 Appendices Functional-Group Synthesis 861 Functional-Group Reactions 866 Reagents in Organic Chemistry 870 Name Reactions in Organic Chemistry 877 Abbreviations 885 Infrared Absorption Frequencies 888 Proton NMR Chemical Shifts 891 Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry 892 Answers to Review-Unit Questions 901 Preface What enters your mind when you hear the words “organic chemistry?" Some of you may think, "the chemistry of life," or "the chemistry of carbon." Other responses might include "pre-med, “pressure,” "difficult," or "memorization." Although formally the study of the compounds of carbon, the discipline of organic chemistry encompasses many skills that are common to other areas of study. Organic chemistry is as much a liberal art as a science, and mastery of the concepts and techniques of organic chemistry can lead to improved competence in other fields. As you work on the problems that accompany the text, you will bring to the task many problem-solving techniques. For example, planning an organic synthesis requires the skills of a chess player; you must plan your moves while looking several steps ahead, and you must keep your plan flexible.
Structure-determination problems are like detective problems, in which many clues must be assembled to yield the most likely solution. Naming organic compounds is similar to the systematic naming of biological specimens; in both cases, a set of rules must be learned and then applied to the specimen or compound under study. The problems in the text fall into two categories: drill and complex. Drill problems, which appear throughout the text and at the end of each chapter, test your knowledge of one fact or technique at a time.
You may need to rely on memorization to solve these problems, which you should work on first. More complicated problems require you to recall facts from several parts of the text and then use one or more of the problem-solving techniques mentioned above. As each major type of problem—synthesis, nomenclature, or structure determination—is introduced in the text, a solution is extensively worked out in this Solutions Manual. Here are several suggestions that may help you with problem solving: 1.
The text is organized into chapters that describe individual functional groups. As you study each functional group, make sure that you understand the structure and reactivity of that group. In case your memory of a specific reaction fails you, you can rely on your general knowledge of functional groups for help. Use molecular models.
It is difficult to visualize the three-dimensional structure of an organic molecule when looking at a two-dimensional drawing. Models will help you to appreciate the structural aspects of organic chemistry and are indispensable tools for understanding stereochemistry. Every effort has been made to make this Solutions Manual as clear, attractive, and error-free as possible. Nevertheless, you should use the Solutions Manual in moderation.
The principal use of this book should be to check answers to problems you have already worked out. The Solutions Manual should not be used as a substitute for effort; at times, struggling with a problem is the only way to teach yourself. Look through the appendices at the end of the Solutions Manual. Some of these appendices contain tables that may help you in working problems; others present information related to the history of organic chemistry.
Although the Solutions Manual is written to accompany Organic Chemistry, it contains several unique features. Each chapter of the Solutions Manual begins with an outline of the text that can be used for a concise review of the text material and can also serve as a reference. After every few chapters a Review Unit has been inserted. In most cases, the chapters covered in the Review Units are related to each other, and the units are planned to appear at approximately the place in the textbook where a test might be given.
Each unit lists the vocabulary for the chapters covered, the skills needed to solve problems, and several important points that might need reinforcing or that restate material in the text from a slightly different point of view. Finally, the small self-test that has been included allows you to test yourself on the material from more than one chapter. [have tried to include many types of study aids in this Solutions Manual. Nevertheless, this book can only serve as an adjunct to the larger and more complete textbook.
If Organic Chemistry is the guidebook to your study of organic chemistry, then the Solutions Manual is the roadmap that shows you how to find what you need. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my husband, John McMurry, for offering me the opportunity to write this book many years ago and for supporting my efforts while this edition was being prepared. Although many people at Brooks/Cole Publishing company have given me encouragement during this project, special thanks are due to Sylvia Krick. I also would like to acknowledge the contribution of Deb Boehmler, whose comments, suggestions and incredibly thorough accuracy checks was indispensable.
Chapter 1 - Structure and Bonding Chapter Outline I. Atomic Structure (Sections 1. Introduction to atomic structure (Section 1. RWYN Atoms consist of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and memes neutrons. The nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom. Electrons move about the nucleus at a distance of about 107! The atomic number (Z) gives the number of protons in the ed. The mass number (A) gives the total number of protons and neutrons.
All atoms of a given element have the same value of Z. Atoms of a given element can have different values of A. Atoms of the same element with different values of A are called isotopes. The distribution of electrons in an atom can be described by a wave equation.
The solution to a wave equation is an orbital, represented by ¥. ¥ predicts the volume of space in which an electron is likely to be found. There are four different kinds of orbitals (s, p, d, f). The s orbitals are spherical.
The p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped. Four of the five d orbitals are cloverleaf-shaped. An atom's electrons are organized into shells. The shells differ in the numbers and kinds of orbitals they have.
Electrons in different orbitals have different energies. Each orbital can hold two electrons. The two lowest-energy electrons are in the 1s orbital. The 2s orbital is the next in energy.
Each p orbital has a region of zero density, called a node. The next three orbitals are 2px, 2py and 2p,, which have the same energy. Electron Configuration (Section 1. The ground-state electron configuration of an atom is a listing of the orbitals occupied by the electrons of the atom.
Rules for predicting the ground-state electron configuration of an atom: a. Orbitals with the lowest energy levels are filled first. The order of filling is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d. Only two electrons can occupy each orbital, and they must be of opposite spin.
If two or more orbitals have the same energy, one electron occupies each until all are half-full (Hund's rule). Only then does a second electron occupy one of the orbitals. All of the electrons in a half-filled shell have the same spin. Chemical Bonding Theory (Sections 1.
Development of chemical bonding theory (Section 1. Kekulé and Couper proposed that carbon has four “affinity units" — carbon is tetravalent. Other scientists suggested that carbon can form double bonds, triple bonds and rings. Van't Hoff and Le Bel proposed that the 4 atoms to which carbon forms bonds sit at the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
In a drawing of a tetrahedral carbon, a wedged line represents a bond pointing toward the viewer, and a dashed line points behind the plane of the page. Atoms bond together because the resulting compound is more stable than the individual atoms. Atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Atoms in groups 1A, 2A and 7A either lose electrons or gain electrons to form ionic compounds.
Atoms in the middle of the periodic table share electrons by forming covalent bonds. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons it has and on the number it needs to achieve an octet.
