VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES KIỀU THỊ HỒNG ERRORS COMMITTED BY STUDENTS OF HAI DUONG UNIVERSITY IN USING PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: FROM COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE (Lỗi dùng giới từ địa điểm của sinh viên Trường Đại học Hải Dương: từ góc độ tri nhận) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2017 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES KIỀU THỊ HỒNG ERRORS COMMITTED BY STUDENTS OF HAI DUONG UNIVERSITY IN USING PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: FROM COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE (Lỗi dùng giới từ địa điểm của sinh viên Trường Đại học Hải Dương: từ góc độ tri nhận) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyễn Văn Độ Hanoi, 2017 z DECLARATION I, Kieu Thi Hong, certify that this thesis is the result of my own research and the substance of the research has not been submitted for degree to any other university or institution.
Hanoi, April 2017 Signature Kieu Thi Hong i z ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this study would not have been possible without the assistance of special and wonderful people. First of all, I would like to acknowledge my indebtedness and gratitude to Assoc. Nguyen Van Đo, for his unfailing encouragement, constant support and supervision during all stages of the study. His enthusiastic assistance, guidance, support, and his wisdom greatly contributed to the fulfillment of my thesis.
I would also like to thank my supervisor for his patience in reading and editing my draft. It must be an excruciating experience. My heartfelt gratitude is also to Dr. Huynh Anh Tuan, The Head of Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies and all his staff members who have been of great help.
Last but not least, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to my parents, and my friends for their moral support and encouragement throughout my course. The study still has limitations, therefore all the suggestions and recommendations would be warmly welcomed. ii z ABSTRACT Prepositions are known as a small but notoriously difficult lexical unit in English because it is the differences in the linguistic cognition among cultures that prevent language users from mastering and using prepositions properly. In order to help language learners overcome these difficulties, this study aims at exploring the frequencies and causes of the errors in using prepositions of place “in, on, at” from cognitive perspective.
The theory of cognitive linguistics and error analysis are used to carry out this study. 120 students at Hai Duong University took part in two types of tests including multiple choice tests and written test to analyze based on qualitative and quantitative methods in order to find out the types of errors and their causes. The results show that the students at Hai Duong University often misuse between prepositions “in” and “on” there exist many differences in applying locative strategies TR and LM to encode languages due to the distinguishing features in perception regarding space, the living habits, topography and sky orientation. Moreover, they also have difficulty using prepositions of place “in” because of the difference of cognition.
It is hoped that the findings can be a small contribution to the stock of prepositional research. iii z LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TR Trajector TRs Trajectors LM Landmark LMs Landmarks E.A Error Analysis iv z LIST OF FIRGURES AND TABLES Figure1. CONTAINMENT schema for in (Herskovits, 1986) Figure 2. Schematic representation of in indicating the final inclusive status of a process (Lindner, 1982) Figure 3.
General image schema of on (Ming, 2011) Figure 4. PATH schema for on (Ming, 2011) Figure 5. CONTAINMENT schema for at (Yang, 2008) Figure 6. ADJACENCY schema for at (Yang, 2008) Figure 7.
LINEAR-RELATION schema for at (Yang, 2008) Figure 8. DYNAMIC-RELATION schema for at (Yang, 2008) Table 1. Image schemas of prepositions in, on and at with their application of the present study Table 2. Results of section 1- test 1 Table 3.
The incorrect answer section 1- test 1 Table 4. Results of the section 2-test 1 Table 5: The incorrect answer section 2- test 1 Table 6. Results of the section 3-test 1 Table 7: The incorrect answer section 2- test 1 Table 8. Results of the test 1 Table 9.
Results of the test 2 Table 10. The general understanding of in, on and at Table 11. The examples of in and how the CONTAINMENT schema is applied Table 12. The examples of on and how the CONTACT schema is applied Table 13 .The examples of at and how ADJACENCY schema is applied v z TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iv LIST OF FIRGURES AND TABLES .v TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi PART A: INTRODUCTION. Rationale of the study.
Aims and objectives of the study. Scope of the study. Significance of the study. Organization of the study .5 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Introduction of cognitive linguistics. Error in language learning process. Notions of error. Errors and Mistakes.
The Source of Error. Prepositions in English. Some comments about prepositions of place “in, on, at” from cognitive perspective. Review of previous studies.
Restatement of research questions. The fitness of the research approach. Context of the study. Setting of the study.
Data collection and analysis procedure .26 CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS. Errors in section 1- Test 1. Errors in section 2-Test 1. Errors in section 3-Test 1 .35 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS.
Summary of the study. Limitations of the research and suggestions for further studies. II vii z PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study Firstly, after reading numerous previous researches and journals, the researcher has realized that it is prepositional error is one of the major grammar errors.
According to Corder (cited in James, 1998), he defines errors as the result of some failure of performance. This is not surprising as prepositions comprise a significant portion of the words contained in completing English language sentence. Collins (1991) said that it was observed that most of the English language sentences produced contained at least one preposition and that three out of ten most frequent words of the English language are prepositions. The researcher has had the experience of witnessing the difficulties among her students in attempting to use the correct prepositions.
It is the intention of the researcher to discover the causes behind the difficulties experienced by these students in employing acceptable prepositions of place. Secondly, the majority of studies which discuss the teaching of prepositions from a cognitive perspective focus on the extended uses of prepositions .However, in fact, the students at Hai Duong University cannot distinguish the core meaning of the prepositions of place IN, ON, AT. Moreover, there is not any study to focus on studying the errors in using prepositions of place at Hai Duong University. In relation to this, the researcher chooses the prepositions of place as the main subject matters as these are among one of the main problems faced by the students at Hai Duong University.
Thirdly, language teachers and researchers have long recognized that the acquisition of English prepositions poses major challenges for second language learners. Celce-Murcia and LarsenFreeman (1998) note several reasons for this difficulty. They observe that “in their spatial meanings, prepositions do not match up well from language to language”, even in relatively closely related languages. For instance, the English sentence: There is a bird in the sky, would be "translated" in 1 z Vietnamese by: Trên trời có một con chim (There is a bird in the sky).
Since English is far different from Vietnamese, it is not easy for learners to have fully understanding about parts of speech in English at the beginning. Prepositions, as well as other parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs are introduced to students in the early classes at the secondary schools. Students need prepositions in order to build up simple sentences. The little words 'AT, ON, are troublesome and confusing for the learners of English.
Errors in the learning process are inevitable. To conclude, the study proceeds from three main reasons, the first lies in the decisive role of finding the difficulties in using prepositions of place. Then the cause of error in using prepositions of place is found. Secondly, the researcher would like to find the differences between Vietnamese and English in cognition of prepositions.
Lastly, the researcher has found that there has never been any research on error analysis of using preposition from cognitive perspective at Hai Duong University. An analysis of errors in using prepositions of place AT, ON, IN is carried out to help answer these questions. In addition, it also a practical and applicable study, which provide some suggestions for the improvement of teaching and learning English prepositions of place AT, ON, IN. Aims and objectives of the study The main purpose of the study is to focus on error analysis of using prepositions of place made by students within the framework of cognitive theory.
With the above aims, the objectives of this study were as follows: - Identify the errors in using preposition of place “at, on, in” by students at Hai Duong University - Assessing the ability of students‟ use of prepositions - Determining the sources and causes of their errors - Suggesting pedagogic solutions for teaching and learning prepositions of place “at, on, in” at Hai Duong University. Research questions The following research questions are raised: With the given aims and objectives, the study implies three research questions: 2 z 1. What kinds of errors do students at Hai Duong University often have in using prepositions of place AT, ON, IN? 2. What might be the sources of the errors? 3.
What suggestion can be made in order to help students acquire the use of English prepositions of location AT, ON, IN? 4. Scope of the study The study was conducted at Hai Duong University, Hai Duong province. Because of limited time, it only focused on investigating the students in using prepositions of place including “in, on, at” from cognitive perspective. Actually, the cognitive perspective has two trends including cognitive semantics and cognitive approach to grammar.
Consequently, research in cognitive semantics tends to be interested in modeling the human mind as much as it is concerned with investigating linguistic semantics. A cognitive approach to grammar is concerned with modeling the language system (the mental „grammar‟), rather than the nature of mind per se. However, it does so by taking as its starting point the conclusions of work in cognitive semantics. In this study, the cognitive semantics is employed to find out the causes of errors in using prepositions of place.
The participants were students from three classes U2KT9, U2KT2 and U2KT1, who were non – English major students. Methodology Both the quantitative and qualitative approach have been chosen to identify the errors of using prepositions of place “in, on, at”. Besides, using descriptive method is employed to collect the qualitative information and find out the causes of errors made by the students of Hai Duong Univeristy in the field of spatial cognition. The study was carried out by some steps as follows: First, the test for students was employed to find out the frequency and types of errors in using prepositions of place.
There are two types of test including multiple choices and written test. Second, the data were collected, sorted and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to obtain realistic results .The procedure for error analysis is described basing on the six-step method set by Corder (1974). Significance of the study The thesis shows strong evidences that the students at Hai Duong Unviversity have problems in using prepositions of place IN, ON, AT. Through the analysis, there are differences between Vietnamese and English prepositional system.