Luận Văn Thạc Sĩ Về Phân Tích Các Thiết Bị Liên Kết Trong Văn Bản Đọc Tiếng Anh Lớp 11

Phân tích các thiết bị liên kết trong văn bản đọc tiếng Anh lớp 11 trong luận văn thạc sĩ VNU ULIS, cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về ngôn ngữ.

Trường đại học

Educational Publisher

Chuyên ngành

English Language Teaching

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2006

106
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

35 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

1. PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Rationale

1.2. Aims of the Study

1.3. Scope of the Study

1.4. Significance of the Study

1.5. Methods of the Study

1.6. Design of the Study

2. PART 2: DEVELOPMENT

2.1. CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis

2.1.2. The Concept of Discourse

2.1.3. Text and Discourse

2.1.4. Spoken and Written Discourse

2.1.5. Discourse Analysis

2.1.6. Context in Discourse Analysis

2.1.7. Register and Genre in Discourse Analysis

2.1.8. The Concept of Cohesion

2.1.9. Coherence

2.1.10. Aspects of Cohesion

2.1.11. Topical Cohesion

2.1.12. Logical Cohesion

2.2. CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2.3. CHAPTER 3: MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

2.3.1. Suggestions for English Teachers and Learners

2.3.2. Suggested Cohesion Exercises for English Teachers and Learners

2.3.3. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies

3. PART 3: CONCLUSION

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX III

APPENDIX IV

APPENDIX VI

APPENDIX VII

REFERENCES

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iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT ………………………………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………… ii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………… iv ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………… vii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………. viii PART 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………. Aims of the Study…………………………………………………………………. Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………………. Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………… 2 5. Methods of the Study………………………………………………………………. Design of the Study…………………………………………………………………. 3 PART 2: DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………… 4 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………. Discourse and Discourse Analysis………………………………………………… 4 1. The Concept of Discourse…………………………………………………… 4 1. Text and Discourse …………………………………………………………. Spoken and Written Discourse………………………………………………. Context in Discourse Analysis………………………………………………. Register and Genre in Discourse Analysis…………………………………. The Concept of Cohesion……………………………………………………. Aspects of Cohesion…………………………………………………………. Types of Cohesion…………………………………………………………… 10 2. 10 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. An Overview of the English Textbook 11………………………………………… 16 1. The Role of the English Textbook in English Language Teaching…………. Description of the English Textbook 11……………………………………. Materials for Analysis………………………………………………………. Methods of the Study………………………………………………………. Data Collection Procedures…………………………………………………. Data Analysis Procedures…………………………………………………… 20 CHAPTER 3: MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………………………… 21 1. 37 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Suggestions for English Teachers and Learners ……………………………. Suggested Cohesion Exercises for English Teachers and Learners…………. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies…………………………………. 40 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………… 42 APPENDICES APPENDIX I ……………………………………………………………………. VIII APPENDIX III……………………………………………………………………. XII APPENDIX IV……………………………………………………………………. XV APPENDIX VI……………………………………………………………………. XXVI APPENDIX VII……………………………………………………………………. XLI SOURCE OF DATA……………………………………………………………………. XLVI LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com vii ABBREVIATIONS Adj: Adjective Adv: Adverb N: Noun Prep: Preposition Quant: Quantifier V: Verb LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: The percentage of different types of reference. 20 Table 2: The percentage of different types of reference words for anaphoric ties. 21 Table 3: The percentage of different types of reference words for cataphoric ties. 23 Table 4: The percentage of different types of reference words for exophoric ties. 24 Table 5: The percentage of substitution in English 11. 24 Table 6: The percentage of ellipsis in English 11. 26 Table 7: The percentage of conjunction in English 11. 27 Table 8: The percentage of reiteration in English 11. 30 Table 9: The percentage of lexical collocation in English 11. 33 Table 10: The percentage of grammatical collocation in English 11. 34 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1 PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale It is undeniable that English has become an international language and has been widely used in many countries in the world. In Vietnam, English is regarded as the most important foreign language and taught as a compulsory subject in most schools throughout the country. As a result, English has been paid much attention to by both English teachers and English learners. English students nowadays have to master all four skills including reading, speaking, listening and writing. Among these, reading is considered to be very important because it helps students to get materials such as new words, structures and background knowledge for other skills. To learn reading well, it is necessary for students to comprehend sufficient language base, one of which is the cohesive devices in the text. By mastering cohesive devices, students can even interpret the text with inadequate vocabulary. Because of all reasons mentioned above, this small study on discourse analysis of cohesive devices is decided to be carried out with the source of data taken from reading texts in the English textbook 11. This research is hoped to help 11th grade students in learning reading in particular and in learning English in general. Moreover, English teachers are also hoped to pay more attention to cohesive devices in their teaching process on account of its benefits. Aims of the Study The study aims: - to describe and analyze lexical and grammatical cohesive devices in the new English textbook 11; - to give some suggestions for teaching reading skill for 11th grade students. In order to achieve the aims stated, the study is meant to find out the answers to the two following research questions: LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. What are the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices used in reading texts in English textbook 11? 2. How can the findings help English teachers and 11th grade students to improve reading skill? 3. Scope of the Study Because of the lack of time and the paper size, it is unable for all the issues of discourse to be analyzed. The study focuses on the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices in reading texts in the new English textbook 11. The new English textbook “Tieng Anh 11”, which refers to “English 11” for convenience, is published by Educational Publisher firstly in 2006. English 11 contains sixteen units, in each of which, there are five parts: reading, speaking, listening, writing and language focus. Reading is put at the beginning of each unit, this proves its importance. In this minor study, sixteen reading passages in sixteen units are analyzed in terms of grammatical and lexical cohesive devices. Then, some significant and practical suggestions for 11th grade English students and teachers are given with the hope to improve the reading learning and teaching process. Significance of the Study This study aims at investigating cohesive devices of reading texts in English 11 in the light of discourse. Hence, it contributes to verifying the correctness and significance related to linguistic theories in discourse analysis by analyzing discourse in one specific textbook. In addition, the practical significance of the study is to help 11th grade students and teachers in reading skill by applying the knowledge of cohesion. Because of the widely application of English 11 in education system throughout the country, the suggestions from this study are much more valuable. Methods of the Study The descriptive, statistical and analytical methods are used in this study. The descriptive method is used to describe theories related to cohesion and to build up a framework for the study. Then the statistical method is applied in order to list and number the cohesive devices LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 3 in sixteen reading passages in English 11. Finally, analytical method is restored to analyze the collected data in terms of grammatical and lexical cohesive devices. Basing on the data analysis, necessary comments and suggestions are made. Design of the Study The minor thesis consists of three parts: - Part 1 is The Introduction which gives rationale, aims, scope, significance and methods of the study. - Part 2 is The Development which is divided into three chapters: + Chapter 1 is Literature Review. + Chapter 2 is Methodology. + Chapter 3 is Major Findings and Discussions. - Part 3 is The Conclusion which states some conclusions of the study and several suggestions for English teachers and learners and gives recommendations for further research. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4 PART 2: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis 1. The Concept of Discourse Discourse is defined in various ways by different scholars and authors. The classical definition of discourse as derived from formalist assumptions is that discourse is “language above the sentence or above the clause” (Stubbs 1983: 1). Schiffrin, D (1994: 20) shares the same idea; he defines discourse in two ways: a particular unit of language and a particular focus. In the other words, discourse is above sentences and it focuses on language use. Crystal (1992: 25) defined discourse more clearly by stating that “discourse is a continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as sermon, argument, joke or narrative.” David Nunan (1993: 5) also adds by writing that “discourse can be defined as a stretch of language consisting of several sentences which as perceived as being related not only in terms of the ideas they share but also in terms of the jobs they perform within the discourse. That is, in terms of their functions.” Although there are a lot of different definitions of discourse, the definition given by Halliday and Hasan is regarded as the simplest and the clearest to follow. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976: 38), discourse is language that is functional. It means that discourse is “language in use”. Text and Discourse In the view of Brown and Yule (1983: 6), “text” is regarded as a technical term; it refers to the verbal record of a communicative act. By this mean, the text may be differently presented in various forms of editions, with different types, on different papers’ size; however, it is still assumed to be the same text. Halliday and Hasan define a text as a semantic unit which focuses on meaning instead of on its form. In their view, a text does not consist of sentences; it is realized by, or encoded in, sentences. To understand what a text is in the most detailed distinction, it is a good way to compare it with discourse. Many linguists have defined text and discourse differently. According to LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 5 Widdowson (1979), text has cohesion while discourse has coherence or Cook (1989) see discourse as a process and text as a product. Crystal (1992: 72) distinguishes text and discourse by its use, text should be used only for writing but discourse for speech. On the other hand, many linguists think that text and discourse cannot be made a clear distinction. In the view of Halliday and Hasan (1976: 23), “text” is employed to refer to “discourse”; they see “text” as a “semantic unit” characterized by cohesion. They state: “A text is a passage of discourse which coherent in these two regards: it is coherent with respect to the context of situation and therefore consistent in register; and it is coherent with respect to itself, and therefore cohesive”. Sharing the same ideas, Brown & Yule (1983) support that text is the representation of discourse and the verbal record of a communicative act. In other words, they all view the notion of text is the representation of discourse, text is the form of discourse and they have a close relationship. Although some linguists try to set “text” and “discourse” apart, it is undeniable that the term “text” and “discourse” refer to the same subject matter. In this study, the term discourse will be used without difference from text. They both refer to any written record for communicative functional purposes. Spoken and Written Discourse Spoken and written discourses are distinguished in terms of modes for expressing linguistic meaning and various functions. Spoken and written discourses represent different modes for expressing linguistic meaning. In the view of Cook (1989: 50), spoken discourse is changeable and less planed. It can be produced and processed “on line”. Receivers, by this way, are open to make an intervention to spoken discourse. Written discourse, on the other hand, is well-structured and permanent. In writing process, writers are unable to go back and change or restructure his words. Spoken and written language can be also distinguished by different functions. According to Brown and Yule (1983: 13), the function of spoken language is mainly to establish and maintain human relationship whereas written language has functions to store information from time and space and to permit words and sentences to be examined out of their original contexts. In other words, spoken discourse is concerned with interactional use meanwhile the latter with the transactional use. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Discourse Analysis In the view of Brown and Yule (1983: viii), discourse analysis is understood and defined in various meanings. They say that the term discourse analysis is concerned with a broad range of activities including many disciplines from sociolinguistics, philosophical linguistics to computational linguistics. To be clearer, Brown and Yule (1983: 1) write, “the analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use. As such, it cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes of functions which these forms are designed to serve human affairs”. It means that analysis of language cannot be out of the analysis of its purposes and functions.

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