MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES IDENTIFICATION OF Neoscytalidium dimidiatum CAUSING BROWN SPOT DISEASE ON DRAGON FRUIT BY MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION Major : BIOTECHNOLOGY Student : DANG THI NGOC THUY Student ID : 18126171 Academic year : 2018 — 2022 Thu Duc City, 03/2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE THESIS IDENTIFICATION OF Neoscytalidium dimidiatum CAUSING BROWN SPOT DISEASE ON DRAGON FRUIT BY MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION Supervisor Student Dr. HUYNH VAN BIET DANG THI NGOC THUY Thu Duc City, 03/2023 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to thank the teachers of the Faculty of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, administrators of Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City for creating the best opportunities and conditions for me during the process of study and completion of the thesis. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Huynh Van Biet; who always cared, encouraged, created the best conditions for me, approached and corrected my deficiencies missed during the process of completion of the thesis.
I would like to thank M. Pham Thi Hong Phi, Mr. Truong Quang Toan, MS. Dao Uyen Tran Da and Ms.
Vu Ngoc Khanh Nhu. They have instructed enthusiastically, imparted valuable knowledges and experiences for me; which enabled me to successfully complete my this study. I would also like to thank my friends at the Molecular Biology Lab — Research Institute for Biotechnology and Environment and DH18SM class for their enthusiastic assistance and support for me. Finally, I am extremely grateful to my family; who have always accompanied, supported and believed in me during my study journey.
Student Dang Thi Ngoc Thuy CONFIRMATION AND ASSURANCE My name is Dang Thi Ngoc Thuy, Student ID: 18126171, Class: DH18SM (Phone number: 0365474986, Email: 18126171@st.vn) from Biotechnology, Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City. I hereby declare: This is my graduation thesis, the data and information in this study are completely honest and objective. I take full responsibility to the board for these commitments. Thu Duc City, 17 March 2023 The writer pledges (Sign and write full name) Dang Thi Ngoc Thuy ul ABSTRACT Dragon fruit (Hylocerews spp.) is commonly cultivated and key export produce in Vietnam.
Disease problems are always concerned, because it greatly affects the development and productivity of dragon fruit. This study was conducted to identify the fungus causing brown spot disease on dragon fruit from Long An, Tien Giang and Binh Thuan. A total of 15 infected samples were collected, isolated and identified based on observation of morphological characteristics and analysis of ITS and LSU regions. Sequences of two gene regions were amplified by using ITSS/TTS4 and LROR/LRS primer pairs, compared to sequences on GenBank which showed 99,77% and 100% similarity to Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, respectively.
From the phylogenetic analysis, isolates of N. dimidiatum were grouped together and did not show any sequence variation. Thus proves that 15 isolates tended to be genetically similar regardless of geographical locations and LSU region had a higher sequence similarity than ITS region. Keywords: dragon fruit, brown spot disease, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, ITS, LSU.
il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOW LEDGEMEN ] sscscsennusssosmenmees en ET 1 CONFIRMATION AND ASSURANCCE. -- G1 2112112 HH HH rei lÀ II, NHA GD: ss.xgilnlinuBqboiEnsSssiodfseibidouigeGirlisis3GG-362eedasudn.ke ill TABLE OF GON TENTS csssessesasssencrnerxeusecosueeneepsuaaepas re 3684300 36G15.GU48039800SE0 1V IDL509)6. vì LIST OF TABLES giceniesssetniiiaE1151331808514055L7153355591154885515395915840518550133391054184346001355955028538230 Vil LIST OF EIGUR ES ecmemeaee eee er ee vill CHAPTER 1./Obyectine ot the study soessssoisszsttosit2303644G1G83895E4950g895018891300324538:858E83ISBEEAGA4088138iE 2 1. Contents of the Study ssecmasecceamemexexesmemereuncea anne 2 CHAPTER 2.12110102 4 HH TH KH Ki ngờ 3 2.
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Some studies on identification of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on dragon fruit by ITS and LSU rDNA regions 1117. Studs 18 The World siscssisesssssapsseisisiaeiGS50163953850365303G4883813510039564363405i€1SU485883683E 10 IV 2. Studies in 4i iv\điiai)Ũ. MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Time and place bàin.2: Malet IS veccecseesrsmuapeierremesteerrniearniorermmne aie rea e he pr EEE EET 12 Bi Se METRO S| snisseiesncateonnnsiaenaiiosnstbosnanttioantirtonst deinen ett iSttlonubitnbeisetintisbnantaabtnveeatneiteiion aati 13 3. Samples Collection aiid 180] G1 Oi accssscsascceesevesnenstnnenneonenane eweneausaaacvacwewuroeavoauasenaee 13 3. Samples collection and tissue sfa1n1ng. Preparation of culture me€d]1u1m.3: Pathogen 1SOÏaHOH siicieseiesiess0S0L010101116151151201033149033533061060034014460113005821003 13 3.
Identify fungal isolates using morphoÏOgV. Identify fungal isolates using moleculÌar-. DNA quantification by electrophOT€S1S.373: PCR Qi pl HCaHOn ssensaerbepsdeSistiasivSseosgSbSgeke34EEggrvsv99x03800805eip3Ep2psassE3Bisgontg4ortgrsle 15 3. DNA sequencing and analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION oassssscncseesssnssanseneonoonsaneasanwenesusnrsnancnennays 17 An. Samples collection and tissue sfa1n1ng. Identify morphology of fungal 1sOÏaf€. Identify molecular of fungal 1SOÏAf.- -- - 5c 5+ St St + sesrrerrrrrrrrrrrrrrerex 19 U90.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION. 33 Sel, CöfiG USD socancsscseerseseesseseoseessensornsesercaseuneutae en enaaneenne neem eameeeenee 33 93024509 ÚC 18 (0) 61 Dee cee neee 33 RE BER ENCES) svoscscs csusssasamvonsaanans ns 3638N6848648H1830380Ex3350Đ40538. 37 LIST OF ACRONYMS bp : Base pair DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid et al. : And others etc.
: Et cetera ETS : External Transcribed Spacer ha : Hectare IGS : Intergenic Spacer ITS : Internal Transcribed Spacer kb : Kilobases LSU : Large Subunit NTS : Non Transcribed Spacer OD : Optical Density PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction PGA : Potato Glucose Agar rDNA : Ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA : Ribonucleic Acid rRNA : Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid SDS : Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate SSU : Small Subunit TAE : Tris-Acetate-EDTA TE : Tris-EDTA TEFla : Translational Elongation Factor la tub : B-tubulin UV : Ultra Violet V : Volt WA : Water Agar VI LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3. Samples using in this Study vsicssissssecsessacesscaceconssaenvacpenzasasataasinsa seenevsasoseneneniee 12 Table 3. Primer sequences used 1n PCR. Thermal cycling for PCR with ITS5/ITS4 primer pair.
Thermal cycling for PCR with LROR/LRS primer pAaIT. Result of total DNA concentration and purification by UV SpectrophO tome y wrccssnnsssenseenserem aes see eee EERE EET 20 Table 4. Result of BLAST on GenBank of the ITS reglon. Result of BLAST on GenBank of the LSU reglon.
--- --------= 55+ 27 vil LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2. Symptoms of brown spot disease on dragon fruit stem. Symptoms of brown spot disease on dragon fruit ÍTuIt. Samples of brown spot disease on dragon fruit stem from 15 locations.
Infected brown spot tissue of dragon fruit stem under the microscope. Morphological characteristics of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum from brown spot disease:on drag ont 111 tiscccessecssssresesssaunnussreeereseneupneeene emanate meu neanamneseaananeaes 19 Figure 4. (a, b) Electrophoresis results of total DNA on 1,5% agarose gel. (a, b) Electrophoresis results of the PCR products with ITS5/ITS4 primer [ee 21 Figure 4.
(a, b) Electrophoresis results of the PCR products with LROR/LRS primer DAL cessssemcemaremnen canes nee erEREE wer a eae ERE 21 Figure 4. Result of ClustalW alignment of the ITS region between sequence of 15 isolated samples and 11 sequences on GenbanE.-----+-++++++sx++++s+eezeeeeezrzxe 24 Figure 4. Result of ClustalW alignment of the LSU region between sequence of 15 isolated samples and 9 sequences on GenbanÌ. Phylogenetic tree of ITS region of combined sequence of 15 isolated samples and 21 sequences on GenBank.
Phylogenetic tree of LSU region of combined sequence of 15 isolated samples and 20 sequences on GenBank.ccecceeceeseeseeeceeseeeceeseeeceeseeeeeeseeeeeeseensees 31 vill CHAPTER 1. Background Dragon fruit is a popular and widely used fruit all over the world. Because it has high drought tolerance, easy adaptation to light intensity and high temperature, a wide range of tolerance to different soil salinities and benefits to human health (Luu et al. Dragon fruit has a distinctive sweet taste; 1s a source of essential nutrients for humans (vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, fibre, etc.) and the most profitable crop for Vietnamese farmers.
Dragon fruit has commercially been cultivated in over 20 tropical and subtropical countries. In Vietnam, dragon fruit was introduced by the French over a hundred years ago (Mizrahi et al, 1997) and until the 1980s was planted commercially. Currently, dragon fruit is a Vietnamese key export produce with a high competitiveness in international markets and has been exported to many countries from Asia, Europe to America in which the key market is China. When exporting dragon fruit, it must meet strict conditions of technical standards, quality standards and origin.
Tropical monsoon climate, soil and farmers' experience are favorable conditions for the development of dragon fruit in our country. Along with that are the difficulties caused by pests and diseases, they seriously affect the development and productivity of dragon fruit that will affect the export of dragon fruit. Diseases on dragon fruit are mainly caused by fungi, such as anthracnose caused by Colefofrichum sp. , stem and root rot (Fusarium sp.
or Schlerotium sp. In which, brown spot disease is caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is the most serious plant disease. Stems and fruits of dragon fruit will appear rough brown spots, which gradually cause dry rot in patches, reducing the aesthetic and commercial value. To prevent and reduce the disease occurrence, the fungus should be detected early and promptly.
dimidiatum was identified based on morphological observations and molecular biology techniques. In Vietnam, sequence of N. dimidiatum causing brown spot disease on dragon fruit has only been recorded with ITS gene region and there are very few studies, there have been no reports to identify fungi with other gene regions. Therefore it is necessary to identify fungi with sequences of other gene regions.
Objective of the study Identify Neoscytalidium dimidiatum from brown spot disease of dragon fruit stem samples from Long An, Tien Giang and Binh Thuan by using morphological characteristics and sequences of ITS and LSU regions. Contents of the study Samples collection and isolation of N. dimidiatum by morphological characteristics. dimidiatum by sequence of ITS and LSU rDNA regions.
Origin and taxonomy The exact origin of dragon fruit is unknown, but it 1s probadly native to Southern Mexico, the Pacific coast of Guatemala, Costa Rica and El Salvador (IUCN, 2016). Dragon fruit has been widely commercialized and cultivated across tropical and some temperate regions of the world, including South-East Asia, China, Israel, Africa, Australia, North America, tropical South America and the West Indies (CABI, 2022). In Vietnam, dragon fruit was introduced by the French over a hundred years ago (Mizrahi et al., 1997) and until the 1980s was planted commercially. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is also known as strawberry pear, pitaya or pitahaya.
It is a climbing plant, belongs to the cactus (Cactaceae) family. According to Spichiger et al. (2000), Cactaceae are 120 — 200 genera which group 1500 — 2000 species. In there, the genus Hy/ocereus are 18 species (Gunasena et al., 2007) such as Hylocereus undatus (white flesh with red skin), Hylocereus ostaricensis (red flesh with red skin), Hylocereus polyrhizus (red flesh with red skin), Hylocereus megalanthus (white flesh with yellow skin), etc.
(Luu et al. Botanical characteristics Hylocereus spp. are facultative epiphytes that 1mtially roots in the soil and then later become fully epiphytic (Wallace and Gibson, 2002) — due to the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) and this makes dragon fruit possible to conserve water and survive in arid, semiarid and in other regions with limited water or irrigation. Dragon fruit develops both ground roots and air roots.
They absorb water and nutrients from soil or their surroundings to feed the plant. Ground roots are a shallow roots system, distributed at topsoil level at a depth of 0 — 30 cm.