MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY-HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES APPLICATION OF MULTIPLEX PCR TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTION OF Salmonella spp. Typhimurium IN SWIFTLET HOUSES AND INVESTIGATION OF THE VIRULENCE OF Salmonella VIA stn AND fimA GENES Majors : BIOTECHNOLOGY Student : HOANG GIA LAM Student code : 18126074 Academic year : 2018 - 2022 Thu Duc City, 03/2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY-HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES GRADUATION THESIS APPLICATION OF MULTIPLEX PCR TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTION OF Salmonella spp. Typhimurium IN SWIFTLET HOUSES AND INVESTIGATION OF THE VIRULENCE OF Salmonella VIA stn AND fimA GENESS Advisor Student Dr. DINH XUAN PHAT HOANG GIA LAM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to the Board of Nong Lam University, especially the Faculty of Biological Sciences for creating all conditions for me to carry out the thesis.
I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Dinh Xuan Phat who wholeheartedly guided me to complete this thesis. In addition, I'd like to thank Ms. Tuan Linh, Mr.
Binh and members of Bio 313 laboratory who supported and helped me in this study, and Veterinary diagnostic laboratory, Branch of Biomin Vietnam co. Finally, I'd like to thank my parents and sister for always encouraging and supporting me during the implementation process. In the process of making the thesis due to lack of experience in thesis writing, some mistakes can inevitably be avoided. Therefore, I look forward to receiving contributions and comments to complete better my thesis.
CONEIRMATION COMMITMENT I hereby declare that this research is my own work. The data, information, and results contained in the thesis are guaranteed to be accurate and truthful. Full name: Hoang Gia Lam Class: DH18SHD Student code: 18126074 Number phone: +84972008750 Email: 18126074@st.vn ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to built a mPCR procedure for detection of presence of the Salmonella spp. Typhimurium in swiftlet house environments and simultaneously identify the virulence gene of Salmonella (fimA and stn).
Ninety samples were collected from Dong Nai, Binh Duong provinces and Ho Chi Minh City, after these samples were isolated and identified by m-PCR assay. The multiplex PCR procedure was built on two pairs of specific primers that were designed to detect the conserved sequence of the invA gene on Sa/monella genus and the fliC gene on S. Typhimurium serovar, with products of 605 bp and 432 bp, respectively. Through isolation, the suspected-Salmonella positive samples were 29/90 (32.
The results for optimizing showed that the mPCR procedure was performed with pre-denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, followed by repetition of 35 cycles including denaturation at 95° C for 30 sec, annealing at 56°C for 30 sec, extension at 72°C for 45 sec, and final extension at 72°C for 7 min. The ratios of primer concentration was 1:1 (0.2 uM) and mPCR had strongly specific with DNA target. The detection limit of mPCR was 10” ng/ul for DNA targets. After that the optimized mPCR was then used to analyze 90 field samples (67 feces and 23 nest surface swab samples), and the results showed that 6/90 (6.67%) were positive for Salmonella and 3/90 (3.33%) were positive for S.
Finally, for the investigation of two virulence genes, s/n and fimA, using six positive samples for Salmonella, the results showed that the bands of size corresponded to these two genes with a detection rate of 100%. It’s indicated that the mPCR can be used in routine diagnostics of these pathogens and did that Salmonella exist Salmonella in swiftlet houses. Keywords: mPCR, Salmonella spp. ili TÓM TẮT Ứng dung kỹ thuật multiplex PCR cho việc phát hiện Salmonella spp.
Typhimurium trong nhà nuôi chim yến và khảo sát gen độc lực của Salmonella stn và fimA trong nhà nuôi chim yến Mục đích của nghiên cứu này nhằm xây đựng trình multiplex PCR cho việc phát hiện Salmonella spp. Typhimurium trong môi trường nhà nuôi chim yến và đồng thời khảo sát gen độc lực của Salmonella stn và fimA với các mẫu thực địa dương tính trước đó. Chín mươi mẫu thực địa đã được thu thập từ tỉnh Đồng Nai, Bình Dương và thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, các mẫu sau đó đã được phân lập và phát hiện Salmonella bằng phương pháp mPCR. Quy trình mPCR đã được xây dựng dựa trên hai cặp primer đặc hiệu được thiết kết để phát hiện trình tự bảo tồn của gen invA trên chi Salmonella và gen fliC trên serovar S.
Typhimurium, với kích thước của sản phâm khuếch đại lần lượt là 605 bp và 432 bp. Kết quả phân lập đã ghi nhận 29/90 (32.22%) mẫu nghi ngờ dương tính với Salmonella. Cùng với đó chu trình nhiệt của phản ứng mPCR cũng đã được tối ưu và kết quả đạt được như sau: tiền biến tính ở 95°C trong 5 phút, tiếp theo là sự lặp lại của 35 chu kỳ gồm: giai đoạn biến tính ở 95°C trong 30 giây, bắt cặp ở 56°C trong 30 giây, kéo dải ở 72°C trong 45 giây và sau cùng là hậu kéo dài ở 72°C trong 7 phút. Kết quả tỷ lệ nồng độ primer tối ưu cho phản ứng là 1:1 (0.2 WM) và độ đặc hiệu của primer cũng đã được chứng minh với một số vi khuẩn liên quan.
Giới hạn phát hiện của phản ứng mPCR là 107 ng/ul cho mỗi gen mục tiêu. Sau đó, quy trình mPCR đã tối ưu được áp dung dé kiêm tra 90 mẫu thực địa (67 mẫu phân và 23 mẫu phét bề mặt sản) và kết qua cho thấy: 6/90 (6.67%) dương tính Salmonella và 3/90 (3. Đối với việc khảo sát hai gen độc lực stn và fimA dựa trên 6 mẫu dương tinh Salmonella thì kết quả ghi nhận đều xuất hiện band có kích thước tương ứng với hai gen này với tỷ lệ phát hiện là 100%. Kết quả của nghiên cứu đã cho thấy quy trình mPCR có thể được sử dụng trong chan đoán thường quy đối với loại vi khuẩn gây bệnh này và đã cho thay sự tồn tại của Salmonella trong nhà nuôi chim yến.
Từ khóa: mPCR, Salmonella spp. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS1.ccceccceccecceccecceccecceeceeceeceecaecaeceesacseesaesacseeeeeaeeceeseseeeeeseeeees 1 CONFIRMATION COMMITMENT,.- -- - - 5S S2 HH HH HH HH Hệ, 1 ABS TRAC D sát 6c6041915615968915360603364385354518595ESGIGS8SS0S3XEXSIESGSSAGISSXSASLEAHSSSNNEGGSGE4088E ill FE prensa RRR REESE iv TABLE-OF CON LÊN Do nnenrooibseinigitd101g1%15S00G013640Đ14QG30/3122133S0Skqgoixiaxagsatzeiagssssl V LIST OF ABBREVIA TIONS.- ĂL HH TH HH HH HH nhiệt vill LIST OF TABLES các ác seeeunectis ee nciausec naire a eeinn seme 1X LIST OF FIGURES ssnsssssssescisenamtoaanasaaaaaa aaa eee EMER X (Ð);12101<10104572 201. 1 |1: OD) CCTV TẾ suunsgerisitishettiodlti,GOSEGEAHSHBIBIIPSG0SHG3000/GHSSHEG2ESSH2IS0/-BHNISHERSIS.H//3085 2 Ue AOMTS ters. cxanceu eum tn ena ht ns oom enema ese 2 2.
Introduction to Salmonella and Salmonella Typh1murium. Taxonomy of Salmonella Typh1mur1u1m. Morphological and cultural characteristics .-- -- 5 222 + S2 *+ssverrerrerrerree 4 Deledal «MOPPHOlOBY srsassecssssssE511005106592360151395.16/4033101013043038590SSE9ÿ33093817093B0TSESH3I00538880709580g248s8sei 4 2. Culture uc ch.
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Isolation of Salmonella from field samples. Optimization of the annealing temperature for mPCR. Optimization of the primer COnCe€TTAfIOTI. Examination of primer SD€CIÍIC1EY.
Determination of the limit of deteCIOH. Application of the optimal mPCR procedure for the field samples. Investigation of the virulence of SaÌtowelÏ4.- ------<-<<+c<scescxeeeerrsrree 20 Chapter 4, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION vseccesseccss season ecnsseaeespeassaussansieuaeneueeruraney: 22 an. Isolation of Salmonella spp.
from field samples. Optimization of the annealing temperature for mPCTR. Optimization of the primer concenifrafIOTI. Examination of primer specificity.
Determination of the limit det€CtIOI. Application of the optimal mPCR procedure for the field samples. Investigation of the virulence of ,SaÏmowelÏÏ4. Application of the optimal mPCR procedure for the field samples.
Investigation of the virulence of Salmonell. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. REC OMMIMCHO ALL ONS s.esssssoeessourivisdesiikrssasgtdserrgbsudugiueskugssnjisetidukisjdimusjbsvgirieguigeruiskaoDU REEERE By tac sens crsneanssencs ssattensnssuassmsnne quasi acces nanos saaastean case sus one wae aneauiemanate aeaa ot 31 APPENDIX 0 57. vil LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS D.W Distilled Water DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EBN edible bird’s nests EIA Enzyme immunoassay ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay GIs genomic islands HE Hektoen enteric LPS Lipopolysaccharide mPCR Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction MSRV Modified Semi Solid Rappaport Vassiliadis OD Optical Density PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA Ribonucleic acid RT-PCR Reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction RVS Rappaport-Vassiliadis soya peptone broth S.
Typhimirium Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhimurium SPIs Salmonella pathogenicity islands TAE Tris — Acetic - EDTA TCVN Tiéu chuan Viét Nam XLD Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar Vill LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Primers used for the mRT-PCR reacfIoN.- --- + 5225 s+*xs+esverreeereere 18 Table 3. The components of mPCR for optimization of the primer concentration.
Primers used for investigation of the virulence of Salmonella. The result of three iterations of the detection limit .- -- 2 2 22 << << ss<+26 1X LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Colonies of Salmonella Typhimurium growth on agar plates. The Sa/monella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 genome.
Salmonella infection 1n VISC©TA. Salmonella infection in heart and pigeon’s ÏIV€r. Salmonella was isolated from field samples on agar pÌates. Optimization of annealing temperature 1n s-PCR.
Optimization of annealing temperature in mPCT. Optimization of primer concentration 1n mPCTR. Examination of primer SD©CIÍTCIẨY. Electrophoresis results of the detection limit of the mPCR.
Electrophoresis results of detection of Salmonella spp. Electrophoresis results of investigation of virulence øenes. Introduction In Viet Nam, swiftlet farming appeared in the 19th century, but it wasn’t until 2004 that it was developed for commercial purposes and played an important role in our country's economy. The products related to swiftlets had been proven to have high nutrition: lipid 0.76%, protein 62 - 63% (Marcone, 2005) and the key components of EBN were glycoproteins rich with amino acids, carbohydrate, calcium, sodium, and potassium (Kathan and Weeks, 1969; Norhayati et al., 2010) and health benefits such as preventing aging, improving health, improving joint pain, being anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and boosting immune system (Matsukawa et al., 2011; Vimala et al., 2012; Yew et al., 2014; Yida et al., 2014), so the breeding of this wild bird has been growing day by day.
In January 2021, there were 42/63 provinces and cities having swiftlet houses with a total number of over 20,000 houses and most of them from the central coast to the southern provinces, with an annual yield from the edible bird’s nests (EBN) were about 120 tons (equivalent to 450 million USD), of which exported accounts for 100 — 125 million USD (General Statistics Office: www. Swiftlets come from wild birds that live in large flocks at high altitudes (Rami et al., 2013), so it is more difficult to control diseases than in poultry farming. Disease management in swiftlet houses and the hygienic conditions of swiftlet products are a worrisome problems. Therefore, having an understanding of infectious diseases in birds is very important for swiftlet’s breeding in particular and the livestock industry in general.