Nghiên cứu đề-thuyết và liên kết trong truyện ngắn 'Chiếc lá cuối cùng' của O'Henry

Luận văn thạc sĩ phân tích vnu ulis a study on theme rheme and cohesive ties in the short story the last leaf by ohenry, đánh giá thực trạng, chỉ ra hạn chế, đề xuất giải pháp khả

2013

96
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

35 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF MARKERS AND ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Rationale of the Study

1.2. Aims of the Study

1.3. Scope of the Study

1.4. Methods of the Study

1.5. Data collection

1.6. Design of the Study

2. CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS

2.1. Introduction

2.2. The linguistic system

2.3. Metafunctions

2.3.1. Ideational Metafunction

2.3.2. Interpersonal Metafunction

2.3.3. Textual Metafunction

3. CHAPTER 3: THEME – RHEME AND COHESIVE TIES IN THE SHORT STORY “THE LAST LEAF” BY O’HENRY

3.1. The Context of the Chosen Text

3.2. The Analysis of the text in terms of Theme – Rheme

3.2.1. Marked and Unmarked Theme

3.3. The Cohesion of the Text

3.3.1. Lexical Cohesion

3.4. Implications for the Study

3.5. Suggestions for Further Study

APPENDICES

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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FALCULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ------------------------------ VŨ THỊ THANH NGA A STUDY ON THEME – RHEME AND COHESIVE TIES IN THE SHORT STORY “THE LAST LEAF” BY O’HENRY NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ TỔ CHỨC ĐỀ THUYẾT VÀ CÁC MỐI LIÊN KẾT TRONG TRUYỆN NGẮN CHIẾC LÁ CUỐI CÙNG CỦA O‟HENRY M. Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.15 Hanoi – 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FALCULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ------------------------------ VŨ THỊ THANH NGA A STUDY ON THEME – RHEME AND COHESIVE TIES IN THE SHORT STORY “THE LAST LEAF” BY O’HENRY NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ TỔ CHỨC ĐỀ THUYẾT VÀ CÁC MỐI LIÊN KẾT TRONG TRUYỆN NGẮN CHIẾC LÁ CUỐI CÙNG CỦA O‟HENRY M. Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60. Hoàng Văn Vân Hanoi – 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I, hereby, certify the thesis entitled “A STUDY ON THEME – RHEME AND COHESIVE TIES IN THE SHORT STORY “THE LAST LEAF” BY O’HENRY ” is the result of my own research for the Minor Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Language and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, and this thesis has not, wholly or partially, been submitted for any degree at any other universities or institutions. Hanoi, 2013 Vũ Thị Thanh Nga i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude towards my supervisor, Prof. Hoàng Văn Vân, for his constant and invaluable assistance without which my study would be far from finished. I greatly wish to acknowledge my thanks to Dr. Đỗ Tuấn Minh whose research on Thematic Structure in English and Vietnamese has helped me much during my study. I am also greatly indebted to all my colleagues at Ben Tam High School who provided me with valuable materials and enthusiastic support on the aspect of my research. Finally, my sincere thanks go to my beloved family for their love, encouragement, and support while I was carrying out this research. Hanoi, August 2013 Vũ Thị Thanh Nga ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to apply systemic functional grammar to investigating a short story “The Last Leaf” by O‟Henry in terms of the theme – rheme structure and cohesive ties. Based on the theory of systemic functional grammar as developed by Halliday, the study focuses on the analysis of O‟Henry‟s story “The Last Leaf” in terms of the textual metafunction which is represented via theme - rheme pattern, and cohesion (grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion) of the text. The findings show that in terms of theme - rheme pattern, topical theme which forms unmarked one is the most striking feature of the text. We can also realize how the author develops the text and creates a surprise ending which makes the story one of O‟Henry‟s masterpiece. Moreover, grammatical cohesion represented by reference and conjunctive devices and lexical cohesion shown via repetition, synonyms, meronyms and antonyms make the text more cohesive and coherent. The analysis proves that systemic functional grammar is the smartest choice for those whose concern is for the structure and meaning of a particular text. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF MARKERS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………. Rationale of the Study …………………………………………………………. Aims of the Study . Scope of the Study . Method of the Study . Design of the Study .4 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND …. The Linguistic System …………………………………………………………. Concept of Cohesion……………………………………………. Types of Cohesion ………………………………………………….12 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. CHAPTER 3: THEME – RHEME AND COHESIVE TIES IN THE SHORT STORY “THE LAST LEAF” BY O’HENRY 3. The Context of the Chosen Text ……………………………………………… 19 3. The Analysis of the text in terms of Theme – Rheme……………. Marked and Unmarked Theme…………………………………………25 3. The Cohesion of the Text . Lexical Cohesion ………………………………………………………39 IV. Implications for the Study ……………………………………………………. Suggestions for Further Study …………………………………………………. 46 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………… I v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF MARKERS AND ABBREVIATIONS REP Repetition ANT Antonym MER Meronym HYP Hyponym SYN Synonym COL Collocation R.C Comparative Reference Anaphoric reference Exophoric reference Cataphoric reference vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Mood Type and Unmarked Theme Selection (Halliday, 2004: 78).………10 Table 2: Reference of the Text .30 Table 3: Substitution of the Text ……………………………………………………36 Table 4: Ellipsis of the Text …………………………………………………………37 Table 5: Conjunctive Devices of the Text ………….………………………………37 Table 6: Lexical Devices Summary …………………………………………………39 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the Study The theory of systemic functional linguistics was originally formulated by M. Halliday in the early 1960s. This is a new model and method of description of language known as Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) in which everything can be explained, ultimately, by reference to how language is used. Different from formal grammar which focuses on written language and deals with rules of correct usage rather than with meaning and context of the text, functional grammar centers on both written and spoken language and emphasize how linguistic structures express meaning and views language as a communicative resource, not as grammatical rules. It is considered “an effective tool of analysis, which solves the issues left out by traditional grammar” as it helps understand human language more deeply. Systemic Funtional Grammar is a system of meanings associated with three Metafunctions, each indicating how the language was structured to be used. These three Metafuctions are related to 1) Interpersonal meanings, which focus on the social function of language, more specifically, the participants; 2) Ideational meanings, focusing on how language is used, that is, the verbal choices, and; 3) Textual meanings, which focus on how the message is organized, that is, what information is chosen to appear first (or last) in a sentence or text. It is the third metafuntion (Textual) that involves the concepts of Theme and Rheme which is one in two things of the basic for my research. Theme has been studied by many grammarians such as Mathesius (1975); Halliday and Hasan (1976); Fries (1981); Firbas (1986); Halliday (1985, 1994); Downing (1990); Davies (1987), Eggins (1994); Matthiessen (1995); Thompson (1996) and many others. Accoding to Halliday (1994: 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 34), Theme is “what the message is concerned with, the point of departure for what the speaker is going to say”. “The Theme is what I, the speaker, choose to take as my point of departure… Theme + Rheme is speaker – oriented” (Halliday, 1994: 299). For Halliday, the thematic organization of clauses is the most significant aspect for the development of a text. By analyzing the thematic structure of a text it is possible to observe its nature and understand how the writer exposed his concerns with the organization of the message. Eggin (1994: 273) also says that thematic meanings are related to the potential which the clause confers to its constituents to be differently organized in order to reach different purposes. Based on these theories, many researchers have tried to analyze a text clause by clause to gain an insight into its texture and understand how the writer made clear to us the nature of his underlying concerns. I would like to try myself to analyze the theme-rheme structure of the short story “The Last Leaf” by O‟Henry who is famous for short stories and their unexpected endings with the hope of exploring how the writer develop the text and what the purpose is. Cohesive ties of the text are also of great concern to me in this study. Cohesion relates to the “semantic ties” within text whereby a tie is made when there is some dependent link between items that combine to create meaning. Using the short story “The Last Leaf” as a basis, the textual aspect of meaning through cohesion will be analyzed. As regards practical purposes, understanding the theme-rheme structure and how cohesion functions within text to create semantic links could be beneficial to students of English as a second or foreign language to help “decode” meaning. For those reasons, I have decided to choose “A study on Theme-Rheme and Cohesive Ties in the short story “The Last Leaf” by O’Henry” as the title of my MA Thesis, using Halliday‟s functional grammar as a theoretical framework. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Aims of the Study The aim of this stury is to use systemic functional framework to explore how O‟Henry organized and developed his story “The Last Leaf” in terms of the theme – rheme patterns and cohesive ties. To realize this aim, the following two questions are raised for exploration. How is the text organized and developed in terms of theme-rheme patterns? 2. How are the different cohesive ties of contexts hung together to make the text cohesive? To answer these questions, I will review some fundamental concepts for the study: linguistic system, metafunctions and cohesion in chapter two. In chapter three, I will analyze the theme-rheme patterns and the main cohesive ties in the story. Scope of the Study As a minor thesis, not all aspects of functional grammar are explored but only some of them such as linguistic system, metafunctions and cohesion. The focus of the study, however, does not lie in the theoretical findings but hopefully, on this fundamental theory, will enlighten the text analysis. Methods of the Study With a view to analyzing theme-rheme and cohesive ties of an English text, descriptive and analytical methods are used. The former is concerned with the description of the main areas of functional grammar and the latter deals with the analysis of the text for discussion. 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Data collection The text is taken from one of the most famous short stories by O‟Henry “The Last Leaf” in his collection “The Trimmed Lamp and Other Stories” which was first published by Philips & Co. in 1907 in New York. Design of the Study This thesis is divided into four chapters as follows:  Chapter one – Introduction – presents the rationale of the study, the aims of the study, scope of the study, methods of the study, data collection, and the research design.  Chapter two – Theoretical Background – supplies some fundamental and theoretical concepts for the study: linguistic system, metafunctions and cohesion analysis.  Chapter three – The Analysis of the short story “The Last Leaf” by O’Henry focuses on its thematic structure and cohesive ties.  Chapter four – Conclusion – summarizes the results of the study and offers some suggestions for teaching and learning as well as for further studies. 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS 2. Introduction This chapter will explore some basic concepts that are considered to set the theoretical orientation for the study: the linguistic system, metafunctions and cohesion. Examples are taken from grammar books by such famous linguists as Halliday (1985, 1994), Halliday and Hasan (1976), Geoff Thomson (1996), Hoàng Văn Vân (2002, 2005 & 2006), and other researchers like Đỗ Tuấn Minh (2006), etc. The linguistic system Language is viewed as systems of meaning potential in human interaction that are realized by various structures formed in certain contexts which are studied under register. In systemic grammar, register is conceptualized in terms of three parameters: field, tenor and mode. - Field of discourse refers to what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place: what is it that the participants are engaged in, in which the language figures as some essential components?

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