VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST–GRADUATE STUDIES ---------- LÊ THỊ KIM NHUNG METAPHORS USED IN FOOD AND DRINK ADVERTISING SLOGANS IN ENGLISH (WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE): A STUDY FROM COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ẨN DỤ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC KHẨU HIỆU QUẢNG CÁO ĐỒ ĂN VÀ ĐỒ UỐNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH (CÓ QUY CHIẾU VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT): NGHIÊN CỨU THEO GÓC ĐỘ TRI NHẬN M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI – 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST–GRADUATE STUDIES ---------- LÊ THỊ KIM NHUNG METAPHORS USED IN FOOD AND DRINK ADVERTISING SLOGANS IN ENGLISH (WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE): A STUDY FROM COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ẨN DỤ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC KHẨU HIỆU QUẢNG CÁO ĐỒ ĂN VÀ ĐỒ UỐNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH (CÓ QUY CHIẾU VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT): NGHIÊN CỨU THEO GÓC ĐỘ TRI NHẬN M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Trần Thị Thu Hiền, Ph. HANOI – 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I hereby certify my authority of the Minor Programme Thesis submitted entitled “Metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English (with reference to Vietnamese): A study from cognitive perspective” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts and this thesis has not been submitted for any degree at any other university or institution.
Hanoi, 2017 Signature Lê Thị Kim Nhung i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would have been far from accomplishment without my supervisor, my lecturers, my family, and friends. Therefore, it is time for me to send my sincerity to them all. First of all, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Tran Thi Thu Hien, Ph., for her invaluable guide and advice on my thesis since the day I revealed my ideas. I absolutely appreciate the support and knowledge that she has invested in my work.
My sincere thanks also go to the lecturers at the Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies for their deep explanations and useful lectures. My profound thanks and deep gratitude go to my family and my friends for their valuable support and encouragement. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT The thesis focuses on analyzing metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English with reference to those in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective. The research also reflects some previous studies of metaphors used in advertising context.
The major theoretical basis of the study is Lakoff and Johnson‟s theory of metaphor, which lays a foundation for a specific classification of 50 advertising slogans divided into four different groups: “Life is an entity/substance”, “Feeling/Desire is an entity/substance”, “Locations/Characteristics are locations”, and “The product is an entity/substance”. When the classification is done, the slogans are described and main findings are presented: From cognitive perspective, metaphor is central to our thought, structures our thought, and is the process of embodied cross-domain mapping. Abstract target domains, such as “life”, “feeling”, and “state”, can be understood by more concrete source domains, such as “entity” or “substance”. The “life” and “feeling/desire” metaphors contribute to a large portion of metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans.
Conceptual metaphor is used widely to help people understand an abstract concept by referring to a concrete one. Ontological metaphor is one of the most common subtypes of conceptual metaphor in both slogans in English and those in Vietnamese. However, differences in beliefs, values, and culture, especially culinary culture, between Vietnam and English- speaking countries may result in differences in advertised items, the frequency of target domains, and types and subtypes of metaphor used in slogans. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS .vi LIST OF TABLES. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aim and objectives of the study.
Scope of the study. Significance of the study. Organization of the study. 4 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………………….
Definitions of metaphor. Classification of metaphor. Conceptual/Conventional metaphor. Metaphor versus other ways of meaning transference.
Metaphor versus simile. Metaphor versus metonymy. Definitions of slogans and adverting slogans. Purposes of advertising slogans.
Previous studies of metaphor in advertising .16 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Description of research samples. Data collection procedures. Data analysis procedures .21 CHAPTER 4: METAPHORS IN FOOD AND DRINK ADVERTISING SLOGANS.
“Life is an entity/substance”. “Feeling/Desire is an entity/substance”. “States/Characteristics are locations”. “The product is an entity/substance” .33 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.
Subtypes of food and drink in English advertising slogans with reference to those in Vietnamese. Target domains in English food and drink advertising slogans with reference to those in Vietnamese. Types of metaphors in English food and drink advertising slogans with reference to those in Vietnamese. Conceptual metaphor in food and drink advertising slogans.
New metaphor in food and drink advertising slogans. Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further studies. I v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS 1e: each slogan is assigned a number in the list of slogans in English.
1v: each slogan is assigned a number in the list of slogans in Vietnamese. “Bold letters or sentences” are used for target domains, source domains, and metaphors. Italics type is used for slogans, terms and metaphorical expressions. vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Information on food and drink advertising slogans used for research analysis .1: Subtypes of food and drink used in 25 advertising slogans in English and those in Vietnamese .2: Target domains used in food and drink advertising slogans in English and in those in Vietnamese .3: The general frequency of each metaphor type in the whole 25 food and drink advertising slogans in English and those in Vietnamese .4: The frequency of each sub-types of Conceptual metaphor in food and drink advertising slogans in English and in Vietnamese .5: The frequency of each sub-types of New metaphor in food and drink advertising slogans in English and in Vietnamese.
44 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter aims to provide with the most general information about what is included in the study and how it is carried out. Rationale Metaphor, a figure of speech, is utilized so widely that sometimes it is used subconsciously. According to Lakoff and Turner (1989:1), it is “omnipresent”, “accessible to everyone” and “irreplaceable”. It is used in our daily life to help us understand the world around us by referring an abstract to a concrete one.
In the field of cognitive linguistics, it has been widely accepted that metaphor constitutes and constructs human thoughts and it is argued that metaphor is the cross domain mapping between the source domain and the target domain. Metaphor has also been widely used in the field of advertising. Advertising, as one of the most efficient ways of publicizing products, has become an indispensable part of our life and “a major manifestation of conceptual metaphors” (Kövecses 2002: 59). Slogans of advertising, perhaps, are some of the most powerful component elements of all the advertisements.
They are widely used to attract potential consumers‟ attention and may be an indispensable part of advertisements. The selling power of the advertisements largely depends on the conceptual metaphors, pictures or words used in them. A well-chosen metaphor will greatly prompt people‟s desire to buy a certain product. Therefore, a study on “Metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English (with reference to Vietnamese): A study from cognitive perspective” has been chosen with the main focus on the advertising slogans in the field of food and drink.
The study also describes slogans to exploit metaphors used in slogans in English with reference to those in Vietnamese to find out how metaphors are used in these slogans from cognitive perspective. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Aim and objectives of the study This study mainly focuses on the metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English with reference to those in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective. The objectives are as follows.
- To identify and describe metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English with reference to those in Vietnamese. - To find out similarities and differences in the use of metaphors in food and drink advertising slogans in English and those in Vietnamese. Research questions The study answers two research questions: 1) How are metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English with reference to those in Vietnamese? 2) What are similarities and differences between metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English and those in Vietnamese? 1. Research methods The main research method is descriptive method.
It provides in-depth descriptions of food and drink advertising slogans. Qualitative method is necessary to establish the theoretical framework, examine the data, and draw conclusions. Quantitative method has been deployed in collecting and processing the data. Contrastive analysis is used to find out similarities and differences between metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English and those in Vietnamese.
Scope of the study In a scope of a minor study, it is impossible for the researcher to cover all English and Vietnamese advertising slogans in general and advertising slogans for food and drink products in particular. Consequently, in this study only 50 food and drink advertising slogans (25 slogans in English and 25 slogans in Vietnamese) with metaphorical expressions are collected from different sources including adslogans.uk, Textart Database, Wikipedia, and Google. These slogans were 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com advertised from 2000 to 2015. Slogans which do not express any metaphorical concept and do not belong to food and drink categories are not described and analyzed in the study.
As the application of metaphors in advertising slogans is quite huge and diversified, and the number of slogans has been increasing year after year, the analysis is supposed to be selective rather than comprehensive. Significance of the study This study has attempted to investigate different metaphors employed in food and drink advertising slogans in English with reference to Vietnamese. Theoretically, the study is hoped to have provided thorough investigation so as to support or contradict the already-existing theories on the subject matter. For example, there is a theory in which metaphor is thought to be a property of words and to be a linguistic phenomenon; according to another theory, metaphor is a property of concepts, and not of words.
In social life, metaphors can be useful. They lead to a kind of an intimate atmosphere between the speakers. This creates a link based on same or, at least, similar experiences and interests. As a matter of fact, metaphors used in advertising slogans can help attract consumers, arouse their interests, and promote the selling power of the product.
Although there are many studies concerning metaphors and advertising slogans, this study may help advertisers and marketers create more effective advertising slogans and provide researchers, teachers, and learners with different ways of approaching cultural issues, communicative competence, and the use of many figures of speech. Collecting slogans in English and Vietnamese seems to be not a very difficult task. However, that finding out slogans with metaphorical expressions and analyzing them in four groups according to concept of metaphor to analyze and understand their messages they convey from cognitive perspective has created one significant point for the study. Furthermore, that the use of metaphors in two languages is contrasted to find out the similarities and differences is another significance of the study.