Luận văn thạc sĩ: Hedging Devices trong bài báo kinh tế Anh và Việt Nam

Luận văn thạc sĩ nghiên cứu vnu ulis hedging devices in english and vietnamese economic research articles eras, khảo sát thực trạng, phân tích nguyên nhân, đề xuất giải pháp cải

Chuyên ngành

English Language

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2008

204
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

55 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

LỜI MỞ ĐẦU

1. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS

3. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1. Data Collections

4.2. Criteria for Collecting the Data

4.2.1. Authenticity

4.2.2. Reputation

4.2.3. Accessibility

4.2.4. Variation

4.3. Criteria for Collecting the Corpus

4.3.1. Universality

4.3.2. Text Length

5. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

5.1. EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF HEDGING

5.1.1. The Concept of Hedging

5.1.2. Social aspects of hedging

5.1.3. Toward a Working Definition of Hedging

5.2. HEDGING AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE

5.2.1. The Nature of Scientific Discourse

5.2.2. Hedging in Scientific Research Articles

5.2.3. Hedging in Economic Research Articles

6. CORPUS ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH RESEARCH ARTICLES ON ECONOMICS

6.1. LEXICAL HEDGES IN THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH ARTICLES

6.1.1. Comparing Hedging Usage in English RAs with Two other Areas: Applied Linguistics and Physics

6.1.2. Lexical Hedges in the English Corpus

6.1.3. Non-lexical Hedges

6.2. PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HEDGING DEVICES IN THE ENGLISH CORPUS

6.2.1. Content-oriented Functions of Hedging in the English Corpus

6.2.2. Reader-oriented Functions of Hedging Devices in the English Corpus

7. CORPUS ANALYSIS OF VIETNAMESE RESEARCH ARTICLES ON ECONOMICS

7.1. LEXICAL HEDGES IN VIETNAMESE ECONOMIC CORPUS

7.1.1. Modality Functions as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus

7.1.2. Lexical Verbs as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus

7.1.3. Nouns and Pronouns Function as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus

7.1.4. Impersonalizations as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus

7.2. PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HEDGING DEVICES IN THE VIETNAMESE CORPUS

7.2.1. Content-oriented Functions of Hedging in the Vietnamese Corpus

7.2.2. Reader-oriented Functions of Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus

8. COMPARING HEDGING USAGES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE WRITERS

8.1. GENERAL COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

8.2. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES

8.2.1. Devices in the Two Corpora with No Differences

8.2.2. Differences among Hedging Devices in the Two Corpora

9. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND IMPLICATIONS

9.1. IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY

9.1.1. Implications for Language Awareness

9.1.2. Implications for research

9.1.3. Implications for language learning

9.2. SUGGESTED FOR FURTHER STUDY

PHỤ LỤC

TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE _______________________ PHAM THI THANH THUY HEDGING DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ECONOMIC RESEARCH ARTICLES (ERAs. THESIS English Language Hanoi, 2008 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES _____________________ PHAM THI THANH THUY HEDGING DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ECONOMIC RESEARCH ARTICLES (ERAs.) (PHƯƠNG TIỆN RÀO ĐÓN TRONG CÁC BÀI BÁO NGHIÊN CỨU KINH TẾ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) Field: English Language Code: 62 22 15 01 PH.D Thesis English Language Supervisors: 1. Le Hung Tien 2. Nguyen Quang HANOI, 2008 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS . I LIST OF TABLES . III LIST OF FIGURES.V ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY .ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.Error! Bookmark not defined. Procedures for the Analysis of the Corpus Error! Bookmark not defined. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF HEDGING . The Concept of Hedging. Social aspects of hedging . Toward a Working Definition of Hedging. HEDGING AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE. The Nature of Scientific Discourse . Hedging in Scientific Research Articles . Hedging in Economic Research Articles. CORPUS ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH RESEARCH ARTICLES ON ECONOMICS. LEXICAL HEDGES IN THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH ARTICLES (RAS. Comparing Hedging Usage in English RAs. with Two other Areas: Applied Linguistics and Physics. Lexical Hedges in the English Corpus . Non-lexical Hedges . PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HEDGING DEVICES IN THE ENGLISH CORPUS . Content-oriented Functions of Hedging in the English Corpus . Reader-oriented Functions of Hedging Devices in the English Corpus . CORPUS ANALYSIS OF VIETNAMESE RESEARCH ARTICLES ON ECONOMICS . LEXICAL HEDGES IN VIETNAMESE ECONOMIC CORPUS . Modality Functions as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus- 123 - 4. Lexical Verbs as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus . Nouns and Pronouns Function as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus 141 4. Impersonalizations as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus. PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HEDGING DEVICES IN THE VIETNAMESE CORPUS .153 I LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Content-oriented Functions of Hedging in the Vietnamese Corpus . Reader-oriented Functions of Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus 161 CHAPTER 5. COMPARING HEDGING USAGES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE WRITERS. GENERAL COMPARISON AND CONTRAST. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES . Devices in the Two Corpora with No Differences . Differences among Hedging Devices in the Two Corpora. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND IMPLICATIONS . IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY . Implications for Language Awareness . Implications for research. Implications for language learning. SUGGESTED FOR FURTHER STUDY .194 II LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List Of Tables Table 1-1 Feature Matrix of Data Base Sections .Error! Bookmark not defined.1 Relative Numbers of Hedging Devices per 100 words in RAs on Economics, Applied linguistics and Physics .2 Descriptive Statistics: Economics, Applied Linguistics, Physics .3 One-way ANOVA: English Economics, Applied Linguistics and Physics- 60 - Table 3.4 Categories of Lexical Devices in the English Corpus .5 Distribution of Modal Auxiliaries in the English Corpus . Distribution of Lexical Verbs in the English Corpus .7 Distribution of Adverbs found as Hedges in the English Corpus .8 Distribution of Phrasal Hedges in the English Corpus .9 Distribution of Adjectives Found as Hedges in the English Corpus .10 Distribution of Selected Non-lexical Hedging Devices in the English Corpus .11 Distribution of Impersonalizations as Hedging Devices in the English Corpus.12 Hedging Constructions with IT in the English Corpus .13 Relative Numbers of Hedging Devices per 100 Words in the English Corpus .14 Numbers of Compound Hedges in the English Corpus .15 Combinations of Hedges in the Same Sentence in the English Corpus - 104 - Table 4.1 Number of Lexical and Non-Lexical Hedging Devices per 100 words in Vietnamese and English Corpora.2 Modal Adverbs in the Vietnamese Corpus .3 Modal Auxiliaries as Hedges in the Vietnamese Corpus.4 Whether CẦN or CẦN PHẢI is a Hedging Device .5 Reasons for Deciding CẦN or CẦN PHẢI a Hedge or not .6 Lexical Verbs as Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese corpus.7 Assessment of Social Factors: Hedging vs Impersonalization.8 Non-lexical Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus.9 Numbers of Hedging Combinations in the Same Sentence .10 Harmonic Combinations of Hedges in the Same Sentence in Vietnamese corpus .11 Mitigating Hedging Devices in the Vietnamese Corpus.12 Reasons for Using Hedging of Writers .13 Number of Hedges per 100 words in RAs on economic, applied linguistics and sociology .14 Descriptive Statistics: Vietnamese Economics, Vietnamese Applied linguistics, and Vietnamese Sociology.15: One-way ANOVA Vietnamese Economics, Vietnamese Applied Linguistics and Vietnamese Sociology . Number of Hedging Devices per 100 words in Vietnamese and English Economic Discourses .2 Descriptive Statistics of Hedging Devices in the English and Vietnamese corpus .3 ANOVA Hedges in English and Vietnamese Economics.173 III LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.4 ANOVA of Phrasal Hedging Devices in the English and Vietnamese Economics.5 ANOVA of English and Vietnamese Lexical Verbs as Hedges .6 ANOVA of English and Vietnamese Adverbs as Hedges . ANOVA of English and Vietnamese Adjective as Hedges .8 ANOVA of English and Vietnamese Modalities as Hedges.9 ANOVA of English and Vietnamese Nouns/Pronouns as Hedges.10 ANOVA of English and Vietnamese Compound Hedges .11 ANOVA of English and Vietnamese Non-lexical Devices as Hedges.183 IV LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List Of Figures Figure 3.1 String Matching of CAN in the English Corpus.2 String Matching of COULD, COULD BE in the English Corpus. String Matching MAY in the English Corpus.4 String Matching WILL in the English Corpus.5 String Matching of SUGGEST in the English Corpus.6 String Matching of APPEAR and SEEM in the English Corpus.7 Strings Matching of SOME in the English Corpus.8 String Matching of PERHAPS in the English Corpus.1 Possible Strategies for Doing FTAs (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 60) .2 Boxplot of Vietnamese Economic, Applied Linguistics and Sociology . Histogram of Hedges in the English and Vietnamese Economic Corpus .2 Boxplot of Hedges in the English and Vietnamese Economic Corpus . Boxplot of Phrasal Hedging Devices in English and Vietnamese Economics .4 Boxplot of English and Vietnamese Lexical Verbs . Boxplot of English and Vietnamese Adverbs . Boxplot of English and Vietnamese Adjectives.1 String matching of suggest.193 V LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS & And α Alpha AEA The American Economic Association ANOVA Analysis of Variance BEPress The Berkeley Electronic Press (BEPress) CIEM Ministry of Investment -Central Institute for Economic Management CIEM Institute for Economic Management EA. English Applied Linguistics Texts EDR Economic & Development Review EE. English Economic Texts EP. English Physics Texts ERAs Economic Research Articles ES. English Sociology Texts ESP English for Specific Purposes FTA Face Threatening Act H0 Null Hypothesis H1 Alternative Hypothesis IE Institute of Economics JCR Journal of Citation Reports JEL The Journal of Economic Literature JEP The Journal of Economic Perspectives JIEEP The Journal of International Economic and Economic Policy N Number of occurrence P Relative Power R Rating/Raking of imposition RA Research article VI LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com RAs Research articles RePEc Research Papers in Economic Sis Specialist Informants VA Vietnamese Applied Linguistics Texts VE. Vietnamese Economic Texts VS. Vietnamese Sociology Texts VII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Rationale of the Study The last two decades of research on academic writing have demonstrated that written academic genres are not purely objective, impersonal, and informative as they were once believed to be. In fact, many researchers, such as Butler (1990), Crompton (1997, 1998), Hyland (1994, 1996, 1998), Myers (1985, 1989), Salager-Meyer (1994, 2000), Swales (1990), have shown that writers also need to present their claims cautiously, accurately, and persuasively in order to meet academia’s expectations and to enhance acceptance for their propositions. One of the means to achieve such goal is the use of hedging. Hedging was first introduced by Lakoff (1972) as a linguistic concept referring to linguistic strategies which qualify categorical commitment. Hedging is now often known as an expression of tentativeness and possibility and has become a common feature in academic discourse (Hyland, 1996). It is used to qualify the writers’ confidence in the truth of a proposition, and the presence of hedging devices is generally viewed as an indicator of fuzziness. However, while hedging in spoken discourse is a well-documented phenomenon, one which plays important interpersonal and facilitative roles, less attention is given to hedging in different disciplines or genres in academic writing. This thesis, therefore, provides comprehensive research on this feature in the written discourse of economics with a systematic analysis of (1) linguistic forms and (2) a pragmatic explanation for their use. Objectives of the Study and Research Questions The main objectives of this thesis are to characterize the common extent, functions and major forms of hedging in one particular genre: economic research articles (RAs). In particular, the study addresses the following primary objectives: 1. To identify the hedging devices used in the discussion sections of the English and the Vietnamese ERAs. To identify the communicative functions of hedges in Discussion sections of English and Vietnamese ERAs. To compare/contrast hedging expressions in Discussion sections in English ERAs and in Vietnamese ERAs. -1- LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com To realize the above objectives, this study will address the following research questions: 1. Which typical lexico-grammatical forms are used to realize hedging functions in English and Vietnamese ERAs. What are pragmatic functions of hedging devices in the English and Vietnamese ERAs? 3. What are differences or similarities in the use of hedging between the two languages? 1. The Contributions of the Study Unlike previous studies focusing on hedging in primarily spoken conversation, where it is extremely common and represents a significant communicative resource for speakers (for example, Stubbs, 1986; Coates, 1987; Nittono, 2003; Nguyen Quoc Sinh, 2004; Phan Thi Phuong Dung, 2004), this thesis places the concept within academic strategies for modifying illocutionary force based on an analysis of authentic written articles. The research describes the distribution of surface forms used to hedge in ERAs in English and Vietnamese. The thesis also identifies a valid explanatory framework underlying rhetorical choices. The analysis of these rhetorical principles provides a new area of insight for linguists. Knowledge about hedging from this thesis provides insights into how researchers establish their claims, how they carry out their work and how they anticipate negative reactions from readers to their propositions. Information about hedging can also contribute to our understanding of the practice of evidential reasoning and the structure of argumentation. In other words, the study of hedging can help us anticipate possible rebuttals and help reveal how writers move between grounds and claims in the process of gaining reader ratification of their statements. Moreover, studying hedging has pedagogical implications. This study provides an analytic insight into hedging expressions which enables teachers of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in general and of economics in particular, to assist their students in understanding economic texts. Research Methodology -2- LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Data Collections This chapter discusses the methodology in the present research project for collecting, selecting and analyzing the corpus described above. The chapter starts with an outline of criteria for collecting and selecting the corpus for the present research. Following is a brief description of procedures followed for the linguistic analysis of the said corpus. The last part of the chapter discusses the use of survey questionnaires as a device for validating the researcher’s findings.1 Criteria for Collecting the Data. In light of the experience gained during the present research, it is possible to divide collection criteria into Authenticity, Reputation, Accessibility and Variation.1 Authenticity The data to be collected must be real life examples of language as used by the target professional community. The data in the present thesis is empirical research papers selected from journals published in the United States and in Vietnam.

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