THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ROSETTE PRINCESS RUBINA DELA TORRE POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SWINE FARMS TO THE LAGUNA LAKE ENVIRONMENT, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2013-2017 Thai Nguyen, 2017 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Rosette Princess Rubina Dela Torre Student ID DTN1454290054 Thesis Title Potential Adverse Effects of Swine Farms to the Laguna Lake Environment, Philippines Supervisor (s) Prof. Macandog (Philippines); Associate Prof. Tran Quoc Hung (Vietnam) Abstract: Swine industry is one of the fastest growing livestock subsectors in Laguna. However, as swine population increases throughout the province, a huge amount of wastes being disposed affect to the surrounding environment.
Thus, having this research study conducted. This study aims to: (1) determine the spatial distribution of backyard and commercial swine raisers in the municipalities surrounding Laguna Lake; (2) quantify the amounts of swine waste and corresponding pollutants discharged by backyard and commercial swine raisers; (3) document the swine waste management practices of backyard and commercial swine farms in Laguna; (4) identify and understand the issues facing the swine industry that could have potential adverse effects on water quality of Laguna Lake; (5) suggest policy recommendations for waste management for both the commercial and backyard swine raisers. To solve these questions, a survey questionnaire had been distributed to the swine raisers in the sampled municipalities i and cities in the province of Laguna. The survey results were manually summarized, tabulated and analyzed mainly through Microsoft Excel.
Most of the surveyed swine farms in Laguna used the solid wastes as a fertilizer, but because small commercial and medium commercial swine farms can discharge massive amount of waste, they used biogas digester, septic tank or lagoon system. On the other hand, water to flush waste out of the pens and allowing this to flow to the nearest drainage canal, creek or river is most the common liquid waste disposal of the swine raisers in Laguna. As a result, the current waste disposal and management practices of the respondents also contribute to the environmental degradation of Laguna Lake. Laguna Lake Development (LLDA) highly recommended the installation of biogas digesters, lagoon system and the method of drying manure.
Keywords: (6) waste disposal, adverse effect, waste management Number of Pages: Fifty-nine (59) pages Date of Submission: November 2017 Signature of the Supervisor ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been completed without the valuable help of these people. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my research supervisor, Dr. Macandog, Institute of Biological Science, University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB) in the Philippines for her assistance, patience, motivation and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this study.
Also, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my second thesis adviser, Associate Prof. Tran Quoc Hung, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) in Vietnam for his support, suggestions and valuable guidance on my research study. I take this opportunity to convey my special thanks to several people during the course of my research study. Ronaldo Saludes, and Mr.
Donald Luna for their help, giving valuable advice and for providing references on my study. Anne Jellie Bacani and Mr. Ozzy Boy Nicopior for their help, guidance, and suggestions to map out the necessary GPS coordinates on the study. I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Provincial Veterinary Office (PVO) in Santa Cruz, Laguna for sharing and giving the complete list of population of swine in different municipalities and cities in Laguna.
Also, many thanks to the City Agriculture Office (CAO) of Biñan and Cabuyao, Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) of Bay, Famy, Kalayaan, Liliw, Luisiana, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Pagsanjan, Pila, Santa Cruz, Siniloan and Victoria for giving and providing the data regarding to the population of swine and the list of the swine raisers and for allowing me to conduct the survey in their municipality/city. I would not forget to remember the warm help and support of the Municipal/City Agriculturist in Laguna – Mr. Antonio Aguilar of Biñan, Mrs. Annie Magsino and Ms.
Maricris Puma of Nagcarlan, Mrs. Merly Recones of Pagsanjan, Mr. Helwin Del Rosario of Santa Cruz, and Mrs. Marie Villeta of Majayjay, the Barangay City Agriculturist of Pila, Mrs.
Eva Palad and Mr. Mario Talubo, and Mrs. Irma iii Alegros and Mr. Mariano Del Rosario of Cabuyao City Slaughterhouse, their companions and recommendations helped me to save time for conducting the survey.
Also, I heartily thank the 77 swine raisers respondents for their willingness to support and participate in the survey, even though they are busy, they still find time to answer and cooperate in the survey. I am also grateful to my LACASA family, to my principal/administrator in high school Mr. Estrellado, to my friends, to my close friend Rhonalyn P. Agupo and to my best friend John Maverick S.
De Leon for their moral support, for always reminding me to be a positive person, for the sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement to finish this thesis. I really appreciate your concern and help. Most importantly, none of this could have happened without my family and relatives. I owe more than thanks to my parents, my father Rene R.
Dela Torre, my mother Rosele R. Dela Torre, to my siblings, Reneelyn R. Dela Torre and Julius Prince R. Dela Torre for their unconditional love and encouragement and to my grandmother Virginia Rubina for the financial support.
My beloved family served as an inspiration for me to stay optimistic and courageous while having my research. Every time I was ready to quit, you did not let me and I am forever grateful. Above all, to the Almighty, for the guidance, strength, good health, giving knowledge, wisdom and understanding to complete this study. It is solely because of the knowledge, wisdom, and understanding He blessed me with that I was able to finish this research.
To God be the Glory. RPRDT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. VII LIST OF TABLES. IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES .5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS .6 DEFINITION OF TERMS.1 SWINE INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES .2 SWINE MANURE PRODUCTION AS EXCRETED .4 SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT .5 LOCAL LIVESTOCK RAISING PRACTICES .6 UTILIZATION OF WASTE.1 Latest Record of Swine Population in Laguna.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.1 DISTRIBUTION OF BACKYARD AND COMMERCIAL SWINE RAISERS 25 4.1 The Swine Raisers .2 Number of Heads Raised .2 SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF BACKYARD AND COMMERCIAL SWINE FARMS .1 Solid Waste Disposal and Management .2 Liquid Waste Disposal and Management .3 Management of Cleaning Pens.3 AMOUNTS OF SWINE WASTE AND CORRESPONDING POLLUTANTS DISCHARGED BY BACKYARD AND COMMERCIAL SWINE RAISERS TO LAGUNA LAKE .1 Calculation for Excreted Feces .2 Daily Feces Production as Excreted .3 Daily Urine Production as Excreted .4 ISSUES FACING THE SWINE INDUSTRY THAT COULD HAVE POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS ON WATER QUALITY OF LAGUNA LAKE .1 Nearby Bodies of Water in Surveyed Swine Farms .2 Water Quality Perception. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 60 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Sampled Municipalities and Cities in Laguna ………………………….
Population of Surveyed Backyard Swine Farms in Laguna ……………… 27 Figure 3. Population of Surveyed Small Commercial Swine Farms in Laguna ……. Population of Surveyed Medium Commercial Swine Farms in Laguna. Location of Surveyed Swine Farms in Laguna ………………………….
Solid Waste Management in Surveyed Backyard Swine Farms ………. Solid Waste Management in Surveyed Small Commercial Swine Farms. Solid Waste Management in Surveyed Medium Commercial Swine Farms ………………………………………………………………………………. Liquid Waste Management in Surveyed Backyard Swine Farms ……….
Liquid Waste Management in Surveyed Small Commercial Swine Farms ……………………………………………………………………………… 33 Figure 11. Liquid Waste Management in Surveyed Medium Commercial Swine Farms ……………………………………………………………………………… 34 Figure 12. Frequency of Cleaning the Swine Pens …………………………………. Different Types of Cleaning Agents …………………………………….
Daily Excretion of Total Solids in Surveyed Swine Farms …………… 39 Figure 15. Daily Excretion of Nitrogen in Surveyed Swine Farms ……. Daily Excretion of Phosphorus in Surveyed Swine Farms ……………. Daily Excretion of Potassium in Surveyed Swine Farms ……………….
Daily Excretion of Nitrogen in Surveyed Swine Farms……………. Daily Excretion of Phosphorus in Surveyed Swine Farms ……………. Daily Excretion of Potassium in Surveyed Swine Farms. Possible Amount of Pollutants (Urine) End Up in Laguna Lake ……….
Possible Amount of Pollutants (Feces) End Up in Laguna Lake ………. Proximity of Swine Raising Operations to the Nearby Bodies of Water. Proximity of Backyard Operations to the Nearby Bodies of Water ……. Proximity of Small Operations to the Nearby Bodies of Water ………… 48 Figure 26.
Proximity of Medium Commercial Operations to the Nearby Bodies of Water ………………………………………………………………………………. Effects of Swine Farms to the Quality of Water ………………………. 51 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Daily Manure Production as Excreted ………………………………… 8 Table 2.
Estimated Typical Manure (urine and feces combined) Characteristics as Excreted by Swine …………………………………………………………… 9 Table 3 Municipalities and Cities in Laguna per cluster ………………………. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents per Type of Swine Raising Operations ………………………………………………………. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Swine Population ………… 26 Table 6. Daily Manure Production as Excreted …………………………… 37 Table 7.
Daily Feces Production as Excreted ……………………………. Daily Urine Production as Excreted …………………………………… 38 Table 9. Frequency and Percentage Distribution According to the Perception of the Swine Raisers to the Quality of Water …………………………………… 50 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS MEANING BAS Bureau of Agricultural Statistics BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CAO City Agriculture Office FAO Food and Agriculture Organization K Potassium lbs pounds LLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority MAO Municipal Agriculture Office mg / L milligram per liter N Nitrogen P Phosphorus PSA Philippine Statistical Authority PVO Provincial Veterinary Office Region 3 Central Luzon Region 4A CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon) TPED Tubular Polyethylene Digester TS Total Solid x PART I.1 Research Rationale In the previous years, livestock production is one of the fastest growing agricultural subsectors in developing countries. Due to continuing rapid population growth, widening urbanization, and income growth in developing countries, the demand for livestock products are rapidly increasing (Delgado 2005).
However, as livestock production increases throughout a country, livestock waste is becoming a serious environmental risk. In the Philippines, swine industry has been at the frontline of livestock production development for many years (Philippine Star 2016). It consists of backyard and commercial swine operations. Moreover, it is also the second largest economic activity in the country‟s agricultural sector coming in second to rice (Barroga, undated).
Further, swine industry is one of the best economic opportunities for Filipinos and can create employment, especially in rural areas. Swine production increased from 1,011.31 thousand metric tons to 1,076.53 thousand metric tons live weight for the first half of 2016 and this was 6.45 percent higher than 2015 level output (PSA July 2016). However, being the largest and most organized industry among the local livestock industries, the increasing population of swine can also produce a huge amount of waste that has a direct impact to the environment (FAO 2014). It can create and worsen some environmental concerns including – accumulation of nutrients into the soil, eutrophication of water bodies, and atmospheric pollution (global warming, ammonia, odors, dust) (Jongbloed 2008).
1 Swine population in the Philippines is well concentrated in Region 3 and Region 4-A. As of July 2016, these regions contributed 30 percent of the total swine inventory (PSA 2016). Swine wastes coming from these regions are one of the major sources of pollution of Manila Bay and Laguna Lake. Laguna, one of the provinces in Region 4-A, has high rates of population growth, urbanization and industrialization.