VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES A STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS (Nghiên cứu về ẩn dụ ngữ pháp trong thư thương mại tiếng Anh) M. MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi, 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VU LE HUYEN ASTUDY ON GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS (Nghién citu vé Gn du ngit phap trong the throng mai tiéng Anh) M. MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60. NGUYEN HUY KY Hanoi, 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSIUP: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ._ LIST OF ARRREVIATIONS, LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES PART A: INTRODUCTION. Objentives of the study w wD 3. Scope of the study. Mcthods of the study 5.
Design of the study. CHAPTER |: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: OVERVIEW ON SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR .2, Language and context. Summary CHAPTER 2: THE NOTION OF GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR .2, Lefinitions of Metaphor 2. Rationale Metaphor, based on the association of similarity, is one af the two basic types of semantic transference Gnetaphor and metonymyy) that have been an interest for a great number of linguistic researchers.
According to Galperin (1981), the term “metaphor” can be understood as the transfercuee of some gualily fiom one subject lp another. Halliday gives @ more detailed notion, metaphor is a verbal transference; a variation in the expression of meanings which involves a nomliteral use of a word. In particular, metaphor is an irregularity of content that consisis on the use of a word in a sense different from its proper one and relaled to il in terms of similarity. Let’s see examples (1) and (2).
(1) The sky is crying, (2) The old profe: or emeritus is a rack thal is heeoming brittle with age Following the previous definitions, (1) includes an example of metaphor, ie, “crying” This word is used for something resembling that which it usually refers to, that is, it is used to refer to the weather state of being raining although it usually refers to the physical and emotional state of being crying. Example (2) includes a metaphor, too, In this case, the word “zock” is used in an improper sense, it refers to beings having the quality of being hard and the reason for this transference is the resemblance belwacn the literal and metaphorical references of this term, thatis, the resemblance between rocks and hard persons Metaphor is very important feature in human language and is always a subject of central intcrest in the study of stylistics. But traditional linguistics has long focused only on lexical metaphor whereas systemic functional linguistics has paid much attention on grammatical rietaphor, a term derived from the notion thal "the form of the grammar relates riaturally to the meanings that are being encoded” (Halliday 1994; xvii). To be a teacher of ESP of business field, I have found that gramunatical metaphor seems to be a strange notion to our students so I would like to make an investigation info grammatical anctaphor in business Ictters with the hope of bringing this knowledge into my teaching work.
2) What types of grammatical metaphor are used in Tinglish business letters? 3. Scope of the study Within the limitation of a minor thesis, this study only attempts to find out grammatical metaphor in the chosen corpus of Tinglish business letters. The corpus is a collection of 20 authentic real-life English business letters randomly chosen from the eBook titled Instant Business Letters Kit by Shawn Fawcett. | think such a corpus is large enough for a M.
However, the conclusions are by no moans roprascntatives of business ieHors in all cases, The theoretical framework for the analysis of grammatical metaphor in this paper is mainly ‘based on the systemic functional linguistic theory by M.K Ifalliday, Christian Matthiessen, and James Martin, who are considered as the representatives of systemic functional linguistics After analyzing grammatical metaphor used in the chosen letters, some suggestions for pedagogical implication are also given wilh the hope of helping FSP students casily approach grammatical metaphor in general and in business letters in particular. Methods af the study The study employs the combination of quafitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method helps the study approach the business letter samples and find out the general features and grammatical metaphor used in these letters. After the qualitative analysis, the data is also quantitatively analyved.
In the investigation of data, the descriptive method is employed lo give a detailed description of grammatical metaphor found in the corpus. «After the desciiption of the data, the combination of analytic and synthetic methods will be smployed 5. Design of the study The study consists of three parts: Part A: Introduction. ‘rhis part introduces the rationale, the objectives, the scope and the riethođs of the sindy: Part B; Development.
This part is divided into three chapters. Chapter | deats with the theoretical background of ths study. An over view of functional grammar is provided with important concepts relevant to the topic framework. English has been widely used in almost every field, particularly in business.
As a popular means of commumication, English is considered a key to success in international business. And in this business world, in spite of widespread developments in communication technology, business letters are still widely used in the world as a main channel of business correspondence. To achicve desirable results in communicating through business Iett Desides taking, some remarkable features into account such as: style, language, structure of a business letter, an aspect of the lexicogrammer which involves a higher level of complexity in the process of production and interpretation of clauses — the usc of grammatical metaphor should be paid a great attention, too. However, it has not attracted enough research attention, If we have a good knowlodge af graenatical metaphor, wo oan achicve the desired effsc when dealing with business letters, We may have a better and more thorough understanding of this written fype of discourse.
A fictional analysis of grammatical metaphor in discourse, especially in business letters will be very helpful to benefit English lcamers in better understanding and cmploying target Janguage and thus improving the communicative competence more effectively, ‘Those theorcticat and practical significanees have inspired me to earry oul A Sturdy on Grammatical Metaphor in English Business Letters. Objectives of the study The objectives of this paper ara @ to give a general understanding of grammatical metaphor in the light of functional linguistics Gi) to examine some typical characteristics of business Icttors to show the general features of this genre. Gii) fo give an analysis of the compus of business letters in terms of grammatical metaphor in onder ta seo how this notable feature is soi It is hoped that with these objectives, a full understanding of the use of grammatical metaphor in business letters will be achieved. Therefore, (hz research questions raised here are: 1) Whatis the ftequency of the use of granunatical metaphor in English business letters? Chapter 2 focuses on the notion of metaphor from traditional and new views.
Then the notion of grammatical metaphor will be clarified. Types of grammatical metaphor wil! be also discussed in this chapter Chapter 3 is the main part of the study. Virstly, some linguistic features of English ‘busin ss letters will be taken into consideration. Then the analysis of the corpus in terms of grammatical metaphor and the results of the study will be presented in this chapter.
Part C is the conclusion of the study which provides the recapitulation with reference fo the methods, the objcctives and the findings of the present study. Then some implications for ESP teaching and leaming at tertiary level are also provided. Affer that it gives some suggestions for further studies basing on the limitations af the thesis. Grammatical metaphor vs.
Classification of Graimmatical Metaphor. cà co cề ho nh ecesee L5 2. Mood metaphors 18 CHAPTER 3: GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSLNESS TERS. Delinition of Business Letters 22, 3.
Classification of Busiess Letters. Characteristics of Business Letters .6 cece teeter need 3. Characteristics of Business letters in general 23 3. Characteristics of business letters in terms of field, tenor and mode.
The use of Grammatical Metaphor in Business Letters 26 3. Data analysis framework. Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor 33 3. Types of Grammatical metaphor used.
Discussion - 35 PART C: CONCLUSION. con nh kén nh nh He Hy nang ki Hà ccoØÊ 2. 38 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SFG: Systemic Functional Grammer GM: Grammatical Metaphor ESP: English for Specific Pumpases LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Genre, register and language. La Figure 2: Metafunctional Layering Figure 3: Independence of metafunctions Figure 4: Mapping of components.
Figure 5: Two perspectives an metaphor - Figure 6: Two perspectives on metaphorical variation Figure 7; Direction of metapharization.- ‘Table 1: Types of grammatical metaphor Table 2: Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor in business leliers Table 3: Types of grammatical metaphor used in the corpus. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SFG: Systemic Functional Grammer GM: Grammatical Metaphor ESP: English for Specific Pumpases LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Genre, register and language. La Figure 2: Metafunctional Layering Figure 3: Independence of metafunctions Figure 4: Mapping of components. Figure 5: Two perspectives an metaphor - Figure 6: Two perspectives on metaphorical variation Figure 7; Direction of metapharization.- ‘Table 1: Types of grammatical metaphor Table 2: Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor in business leliers Table 3: Types of grammatical metaphor used in the corpus.
vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SFG: Systemic Functional Grammer GM: Grammatical Metaphor ESP: English for Specific Pumpases LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Genre, register and language. La Figure 2: Metafunctional Layering Figure 3: Independence of metafunctions Figure 4: Mapping of components. Figure 5: Two perspectives an metaphor - Figure 6: Two perspectives on metaphorical variation Figure 7; Direction of metapharization.- ‘Table 1: Types of grammatical metaphor Table 2: Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor in business leliers Table 3: Types of grammatical metaphor used in the corpus. English has been widely used in almost every field, particularly in business.
As a popular means of commumication, English is considered a key to success in international business. And in this business world, in spite of widespread developments in communication technology, business letters are still widely used in the world as a main channel of business correspondence. To achicve desirable results in communicating through business Iett Desides taking, some remarkable features into account such as: style, language, structure of a business letter, an aspect of the lexicogrammer which involves a higher level of complexity in the process of production and interpretation of clauses — the usc of grammatical metaphor should be paid a great attention, too. However, it has not attracted enough research attention, If we have a good knowlodge af graenatical metaphor, wo oan achicve the desired effsc when dealing with business letters, We may have a better and more thorough understanding of this written fype of discourse.
A fictional analysis of grammatical metaphor in discourse, especially in business letters will be very helpful to benefit English lcamers in better understanding and cmploying target Janguage and thus improving the communicative competence more effectively, ‘Those theorcticat and practical significanees have inspired me to earry oul A Sturdy on Grammatical Metaphor in English Business Letters. Objectives of the study The objectives of this paper ara @ to give a general understanding of grammatical metaphor in the light of functional linguistics Gi) to examine some typical characteristics of business Icttors to show the general features of this genre. Gii) fo give an analysis of the compus of business letters in terms of grammatical metaphor in onder ta seo how this notable feature is soi It is hoped that with these objectives, a full understanding of the use of grammatical metaphor in business letters will be achieved.