VIETNAM NATIONAT, UNIVERSITY, HANOT UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES, DOAN TIT PIUONG GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND AUSTRALLAN SPEAKERS LN MAKING APOLOGIES SỰ KHAC BLET VE GIOL GIU'A NGUOL VIET VÀ NGƯỜI ÚC TRONG CÁCH XIN LOI M. Minor Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 60 22 02 01 HANOI - 2018 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATEONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES, ĐOÀN THỊ PHƯƠNG GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND AUSTRALIAN SPEAKERS IN MAKING APOLOGIES SỰ KHÁC BIỆT VẺ GIỚI GIỮA NGƯỜI VIỆT VÀ NGƯỜI ÚC TRONG CÁCH XIN LỎI M. Minor Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 60 22 02 01 Supervisor: Dr. Hà Cẩm Tam TIANOL - 2018 DECLARATION: I certify that the work contained in this thesis is the result of my own research, and this thesis has nol becn submitted for any dogree al any other university or institution.
Hanoi, September 2018 Signature Doan Thi Phuong ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firsl and foremost, T would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Ha Cam Tam. I am blessed to have known you and to have been accepted as your student in this MA coursework program. My professional development has been growing increasingly with your precious guidance and continuous motivation.
My special thanks also go to Prof. Gary Carkin for his suggestions, and comments, which all helped lo make this thesis 1 wish to thank Ms Hien for releasing the burden of data collection in Australia. 1 would also like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all the Australian and Vienamese respondents for their willingness to have their apology expressions and complete the questionnaires for the data ofthe present study. 1 would like to express my thanks to my mother and father for their whole hearted encouragement without which T woukl not be able to accomplish this study.
Llanoi, September 2018 Đoàn Thị Phương 2. Chapter 3: FINDINGS AND DISCLSSION 3. Main stralegies and sub-strategies by Vietnamese and Australian males and.1 Main strategies by Viemamese and Australian males and females. Sub-siralegies hy Vietnamese and Australian males and females.
Main apology strategies and sub-strategies distribution across situations by ‘Vietnamese and Australian males and females - - 29 3. Main apology strategies across situations by VS and AS .2, Sub-strategies across situations by V8 and AS. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research:. APPENDIX A APPENDIX B LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ber Discourse Completion ‘ask Fx.
Apo Exphcil expression of apology Exp An explanation or account Ack An acknowledgement of responsibility Pro. For A promise of forbearance Apo An offer of apology Reg An expression of regret For A request for forgiveness Sym A request for sympathy Bla Accepting the blame Sclf-del Exprossing sel (deficiency LacInt Expressing lack of intent Rep An offer of repair/redress M Male Female A Australian AE Australian English V Vietnamese VS Vietnamese speakers AS Australian speakers AM Australian males AF Australian females VM Vietnamese males VF Vietnamese females Sư. Slralegy Sit Situation vi PART A: INTRODUCTION: 1. Problem statement and background Relations between Vietiam and Australia have grown rapidly and effectively in recent years, especially since the establishment of the bilateral comprehensive partnership in 2009 and the signing of the declaration on enhancing the Vietrain- Australia comprehensive partnership in March 2015.
The two countries have strong, cooperation in investment, education, labor, tourism, and science and technology According to Forcign Tnvestinent Department (2017) investors from Australia invested 396 projects in Vietnam, with a total registered capital of $ 1.82 billion, ranked 19/116 countries and territories invested in Vietnam. Australians bom in Vietnam represent (he sixth largest migrant community in Australia whereas around 28,000 Vietnamese students enroll in education institutions in Australia each year, which gives Australia as one of the most destination for Vietnamese students’ studying abroad, The context is an important reason for the need to gain deeper understanding of the aspects of the two languages and cultures since Geertz (1973), Trice and Beyer (1992) pointed that: “Communication across cultures is, by definition, problematic, for cultures are systems of symbolic meanings shared by one group yet foreign to another”. Speech acts have been shown to vary in conceptualization and verbalizatien. across Janguages and cullures.
According to Wiervbicka (1994), people from different cultural backgrounds often realize speech acts differently, using different Tinguistic forms, social norms or conventions, and speech styles. The variations have often accounted for undesired social consequences, and caused communication breakdown and misunderstanding in societies. It is for such reasons, that the majority of speech act and pragmatics studies are comparative in nature and often conducted cross-culturally. The speech act of apology, in particular, has gained a great deal more attention and interest among sociolinguistios and pragmatics scholars compared ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firsl and foremost, T would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr.
Ha Cam Tam. I am blessed to have known you and to have been accepted as your student in this MA coursework program. My professional development has been growing increasingly with your precious guidance and continuous motivation. My special thanks also go to Prof.
Gary Carkin for his suggestions, and comments, which all helped lo make this thesis 1 wish to thank Ms Hien for releasing the burden of data collection in Australia. 1 would also like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all the Australian and Vienamese respondents for their willingness to have their apology expressions and complete the questionnaires for the data ofthe present study. 1 would like to express my thanks to my mother and father for their whole hearted encouragement without which T woukl not be able to accomplish this study. Llanoi, September 2018 Đoàn Thị Phương ABSTRACT ‘The present study investigates gender differences in the use of apologies belweon Vielwamese and Australien speakers via a Discourse Completion Task questiounaire.
‘The questionnaire consists of four situations. Forty informants were divided into 2 groups, Australian and Vietnamese and each group consists of ten males and ten females. Data were analysed based on Holmes! (1990) model Findings reveal no fix or noticeable gender disparity between males and females within languages, however, there are differences in gender between the two languages, which may result in disparities between the cultures. The resulls of this study contribute to the current theoretical debate on gender topics.
Keywords: Apology, Apology Strategies, Vietnamese, Australian English, gender PART A: INTRODUCTION: 1. Problem statement and background Relations between Vietiam and Australia have grown rapidly and effectively in recent years, especially since the establishment of the bilateral comprehensive partnership in 2009 and the signing of the declaration on enhancing the Vietrain- Australia comprehensive partnership in March 2015. The two countries have strong, cooperation in investment, education, labor, tourism, and science and technology According to Forcign Tnvestinent Department (2017) investors from Australia invested 396 projects in Vietnam, with a total registered capital of $ 1.82 billion, ranked 19/116 countries and territories invested in Vietnam. Australians bom in Vietnam represent (he sixth largest migrant community in Australia whereas around 28,000 Vietnamese students enroll in education institutions in Australia each year, which gives Australia as one of the most destination for Vietnamese students’ studying abroad, The context is an important reason for the need to gain deeper understanding of the aspects of the two languages and cultures since Geertz (1973), Trice and Beyer (1992) pointed that: “Communication across cultures is, by definition, problematic, for cultures are systems of symbolic meanings shared by one group yet foreign to another”.
Speech acts have been shown to vary in conceptualization and verbalizatien. across Janguages and cullures. According to Wiervbicka (1994), people from different cultural backgrounds often realize speech acts differently, using different Tinguistic forms, social norms or conventions, and speech styles. The variations have often accounted for undesired social consequences, and caused communication breakdown and misunderstanding in societies.
It is for such reasons, that the majority of speech act and pragmatics studies are comparative in nature and often conducted cross-culturally. The speech act of apology, in particular, has gained a great deal more attention and interest among sociolinguistios and pragmatics scholars compared TABLE OF CONTENS DECLARATION. TABLE OF CONTENS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. LIST OF TABLES PARTY A: INTRODUCTION, 1.
Aims of the study. Scope of the study 4. Significance of the study. Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW.
‘theory of speech acts. Apology as a speech act 1.2, Social variables affecting politeness in interaction. Politeness and gender. Politeness and culture 1.
Previous studies on apologizing. Dala collection instrument 15 2. Discourse completion task (DCT) 16 2. Dala collection procedure - - - - 17 TABLE OF CONTENS DECLARATION.
TABLE OF CONTENS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. LIST OF TABLES PARTY A: INTRODUCTION, 1. Aims of the study. Scope of the study 4.
Significance of the study. Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. ‘theory of speech acts. Apology as a speech act 1.2, Social variables affecting politeness in interaction.
Politeness and gender. Politeness and culture 1. Previous studies on apologizing. Dala collection instrument 15 2.
Discourse completion task (DCT) 16 2. Dala collection procedure - - - - 17 TAST OF FABLES Table 2. Apology strategy framework - 19 Table 3. Main apoloay strategies by Vietnamese speakers (V§).Main apology sưategies by Australian speakers (A8).
Comparison of main apology strategies by VS and AS. Sub-strategies of Ex.Apo by VÑ. uc oecioroee ovine nner nen BB Table 3. Sub-strategies of Ack by VS - - 24 Table 3 6.
Sub-strategies of Ex.Apo by AS. Sub-strategios of Ack by AS. Sub-strategies in Explicit expression of apology by Vietnamese and Australian males and females.9, Sub-strategy distribution of Ack by V8 and A§. Apology strategies across situations by VS - - 30 Table 311.
Main apology strategies avross situations by AS 32 ‘Table 3. Main apolegy stratepjes aoross situations by V8 and AS. Sub-strategies of Ex.Apo across situations by VS 36 Table 3.14, Sub-strategics of Ex.Apo across situations by AS.esessasneenseenn dT ‘Table 3.15, Sub-strategies of Ux.Apo across situations by VS and AS 38 Table 3. Sub-strategies of Ack across situations by VS 39 Table 3.17, Sub-strategies of Ack across situations by AS 39 ‘Table 3.18, Sub-strategies of Ack across situations by VS and AS 40 vi PART A: INTRODUCTION: 1.
Problem statement and background Relations between Vietiam and Australia have grown rapidly and effectively in recent years, especially since the establishment of the bilateral comprehensive partnership in 2009 and the signing of the declaration on enhancing the Vietrain- Australia comprehensive partnership in March 2015. The two countries have strong, cooperation in investment, education, labor, tourism, and science and technology According to Forcign Tnvestinent Department (2017) investors from Australia invested 396 projects in Vietnam, with a total registered capital of $ 1.82 billion, ranked 19/116 countries and territories invested in Vietnam. Australians bom in Vietnam represent (he sixth largest migrant community in Australia whereas around 28,000 Vietnamese students enroll in education institutions in Australia each year, which gives Australia as one of the most destination for Vietnamese students’ studying abroad, The context is an important reason for the need to gain deeper understanding of the aspects of the two languages and cultures since Geertz (1973), Trice and Beyer (1992) pointed that: “Communication across cultures is, by definition, problematic, for cultures are systems of symbolic meanings shared by one group yet foreign to another”. Speech acts have been shown to vary in conceptualization and verbalizatien.
across Janguages and cullures. According to Wiervbicka (1994), people from different cultural backgrounds often realize speech acts differently, using different Tinguistic forms, social norms or conventions, and speech styles. The variations have often accounted for undesired social consequences, and caused communication breakdown and misunderstanding in societies. It is for such reasons, that the majority of speech act and pragmatics studies are comparative in nature and often conducted cross-culturally.
The speech act of apology, in particular, has gained a great deal more attention and interest among sociolinguistios and pragmatics scholars compared ABSTRACT ‘The present study investigates gender differences in the use of apologies belweon Vielwamese and Australien speakers via a Discourse Completion Task questiounaire.
