VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies ĐÀM LAN HƯƠNG EFFECTIVENESS OF GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WORD-ATTACK SKILLS AT UNIVERSTITY OF LABOR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS (Hiệu quả của việc đoán từ theo ngữ cảnh nhằm nâng cao kỹ năng xử lý từ mới của sinh viên trường Đại học Lao động Xã hội) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Language Teaching Methodology Code: 601410 HANOI - 2009 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies ĐÀM LAN HƯƠNG EFFECTIVENESS OF GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WORD-ATTACK SKILLS AT UNIVERSTITY OF LABOR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS (Hiệu quả của việc đoán từ theo ngữ cảnh nhằm nâng cao kỹ năng xử lý từ mới của sinh viên trường Đại học Lao động Xã hội) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Language Teaching Methodology Code: 601410 Supervisor: Nguyễn Huyền Minh, M.A HANOI - 2009 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Purposes of the study 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Method of the study 1.6 Design of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What is reading? 2.1 Definition of reading 2.2 Types of reading 2.1 Definition of reading strategies 2.2 Classification of reading strategies 2.3 Effect of reading strategies on reading comprehension 2.4 The strategy of guessing meaning from context 2.1 What is context? 2.2 What is guessing from context? 2.3 Factors affecting students’ success in guessing meaning from context 2.4 Approaches to teaching of guessing strategy LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.5 Review of related studies CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 3.1 The setting of the study 3.2 Pre-test and post-test 3.4 Materials and the instruction programme 3.5 Procedure of the study CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Pre-test and post-test results 3.2 Discussion CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1. EFL: English as a Foreign Language. ESL: English as a Second Language. ESP: English for Specific Purpose 4.
ULSA: University of Labor and Social Affairs LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Results of pre-test and post-test Table 2: Students’ attitudes towards reading comprehension and the strategy of guessing meaning from context Table 3: Students’ opinions on the effectiveness of the programme Table 4: Overall students’ guessing strategies for two passages Table 5: Low level group’s guessing strategies Table 6: Intermediate level group’s guessing strategies Table 7: High level group’s guessing strategies LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an overview on the background of the study, the statement of problem, a brief of the purpose of study, methodology of the study, followed by an overview of forthcoming chapters.1 Background to the study Since 1986 when the Vietnamese government implemented open door policy, English has gained more significance and been considered as an important tool for Vietnam‟s integration into global world. Thus, the government has paid more and more attention to the teaching and learning of English at schools, colleges and universities. English has rapidly become the most popular second language among Vietnamese people. It is a tool for getting access to information from different sources including scientific and literary books and journals as well as the internet websites in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context, which helps to bring them opportunities to enrich their knowledge in particular and to improve their future prospect in general.
Reading is a process which contributes to success in learning a foreign language and good language learners are considered to be good readers. In order to become good or successful readers, students need to be equipped with the skills to comprehend the reading texts. Reading strategies are said to facilitate successful second language learning and be effective tools for students to develop their reading skills. To help students master these reading strategies, instruction on reading strategies is said to be essential.
However, empirical research indicates that in most reading classrooms students have received inadequate instruction on reading skills and strategies. There is a lack of connection between instruction and reading activity. The teacher‟s emphasis is often put on the production of comprehension rather than the processing skills. This reality called for the integration of reading strategies into reading instruction to help students become more strategic readers.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Of all the reading strategies commonly recognized today in second language reading, guessing from context seems to be one of the most valuable but difficult strategies for second language students to master. It was found out that they were often reluctant to engage in the guessing process as they preferred first language (L1) translations. Furthermore, students do not have sufficient skills to derive the meaning of unknown words or phrases that they meet during reading comprehension process. Their guessing skills are often poor, especially where context clues are not in the immediate textual environment.
Therefore, guessing strategies for unknown words has been strongly emphasized 1.2 Statement of the problem Reading comprehension is essential to academic learning areas, to professional success and to lifelong learning. University students can not achieve success in reading comprehension without mastering reading strategies in general and the strategy of guessing from context in dealing with reading texts in particular. At University of Labor and Social Affairs (ULSA), English for Specific Purpose (ESP) syllabus mainly focuses on reading skill. Yet many students have not succeeded in their reading texts, which contain lots of professional words.
This is partly due to the fact that they lack the skills to cope with unknown words, or in other words, they are not equipped with the strategy of guessing from context. This fact raises the question on the necessity as well as the effectiveness of instruction on the strategy of guessing meaning from context for improving reading skills for students at ULSA.3 Purposes of the study Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of instruction programme on the strategy of guessing from context for improving students‟ word-attack skill and reading comprehension in teaching reading for second-year ESP students at University of Social and Labor Affairs. In addition, since this study was conducted in a university general LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com English reading class where students' reading proficiency was mixed, the second objective of this study was to find out how students with different reading proficiency are influenced by the instruction programme. The following specific research questions were addressed: 1) Does instruction on the strategy of guessing from context enhance second language students‟ word-attack skill in particular and reading ability in general? 2) How to empower students to become more self-directed and effective in their learning of guessing strategy? 1.4 Scope of the study The study is focused only on the second-year students at ULSA who begin to have ESP lessons.
The subjects of the study were chosen at random and various among 68 second-year students of ULSA. Yet, the study results cannot be true to all Vietnamese students. Thus, my recommendations for teaching and learning the strategy of guessing from context might work well only for ULSA teachers and students, and for the ones who are teaching and learning at such universities with similar English syllabus or education training or for the ones who concern.5 Methodology of the study This study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. An explicit instruction programme on the strategy of guessing from context was conducted in addition to regular English curriculum.
Data from questionnaires were collected to study the students‟ changes in attitudes towards the strategy of guessing from context. A pre-test and post-test were done to study the actual performance of students in the use of the strategy before and after the programme. Observations and interviews with students were also used to get more valid and reliable results. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.6 Design of the study The research consists of four main chapters: Introduction, Literature Review, the Study and Conclusion.
Chapter 1, Introduction, presents the background and statement of the problem, the purpose, and the design as well as the scope of the study. Chapter 2, Literature Review, discusses issues of reading, reading processes, major approaches to teaching reading, reading strategies in general and the strategy of guessing meaning from context in particular. Chapter 3, Research Design and Methods, explains the methodology used in the study including the population information, instrumentation, and data collection and data analysis, Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, reports the findings as well the discussion of the results. Chapter 5, Conclusion, offers a summary of the findings and further implication for using the strategy of guessing from context in teaching reading skills.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter provides an overview of the topic, review of related studies. The three main features will be presented are: theoretical background of reading, reading strategies, and the strategy of guessing meaning from context.1 What is reading? 2.1 Definition of reading Traditionally, reading is seen as a mere process of decoding of reconstructing the author's intended meaning via recognizing the printed letters and words, and building up a meaning for a text from the smallest textual units at the bottom (letters and words) to larger units at the top (phrases, clauses, links). Problems of second language reading and reading comprehension were viewed as being essentially decoding problems, deriving meaning from print. However, this view has been changed during the past few decades (Carrel, 1988, p.
Nowadays, even though there have been a variety of definitions of reading, they all share a common view that reading is an interactive process between a reader and a text which leads to automaticity or reading fluency. Reading is also seen as a creative process in which “the reader interprets a message in the light of his previous knowledge, predicts and anticipates subsequent rhetorical strategy and information, selects information relevant to his reading purpose, matches information with his previous knowledge and experience, evaluates it in the light of that knowledge and then applies this information to new experience” (Goodman, 1967, p. In this process, the reader interacts dynamically with the text as he/she tries to elicit the meaning and where various kinds of knowledge are being used: linguistic or systematic knowledge (through bottom-up) process as well as schematic knowledge (through top-down processing) (Alyoussef, 2005). And Carrel and Eisterhold add that in this interactive process, both bottom-up and top-down processing occur simultaneously at all levels.
Bottom-up LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com process ensures that the listeners/readers will be sensitive to information that is novel or that does not fit their ongoing hypotheses about the content or structure of the text; top-down process helps the listeners/readers to resolve ambiguities or to select between alternative possible interpretations of the incoming data (Carrel and Eisterhold, 1983, p.2 Types of reading It is commonly agreed that there are two types of reading, namely “extensive reading” and “intensive reading”. Intensive reading Intensive reading is said to focus more intentionally on essential core vocabulary, patterns of text organization and types of text processing needed to adequately comprehend any text rather than the text. For example, students may be answering comprehension questions, learning new vocabulary, studying the grammar and expressions in the text, translating the passage, or other tasks that involve the student in looking intensively (inside) the text.