VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES -----------o0o------------ NGUY N VŨ XUÂN LAN DEALING WITH RETICENCE IN ENGLISH SPEAKING ACTIVITIES OF NON-ENGLISH-MAJORED STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE, VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI KH C PH C TÌNH TR NG KHÔNG NHI T TÌNH THAM GIA CÁC HO T Đ NG NÓI MÔN TI NG ANH C A SINH VIÊN KHÔNG CHUYÊN TRƯ NG Đ I H C T NHIÊN, Đ I H C QU C GIA HÀ N I M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code : 60140111 Hanoi, 2016 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES -----------o0o------------ NGUY N VŨ XUÂN LAN DEALING WITH RETICENCE IN ENGLISH SPEAKING ACTIVITIES OF NON-ENGLISH-MAJORED STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE, VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI KH C PH C TÌNH TR NG KHÔNG NHI T TÌNH THAM GIA CÁC HO T Đ NG NÓI MÔN TI NG ANH C A SINH VIÊN KHÔNG CHUYÊN TRƯ NG Đ I H C T NHIÊN, Đ I H C QU C GIA HÀ N I M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code : 60140111 upervisor r Ho ng Th Xu n Ho Hanoi, 2016 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I hereby certify that this research entitled “Dealing with reticence in English speaking activities of non-English-majored students at University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi” was conducted and then submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (M. This paper was original and has not been submitted for any degrees at any other universities or institutions.
Hanoi , 2016 Ngu n V Xu n L n i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Hoang Thi Xuan Hoa for her expert guidance, encouragement and patience during my completion of this MA thesis. Her important suggestions greatly contributed to the final improvements of this paper. Special thanks should also be sent to colleagues and my students at Hanoi University of Science, without whom the data procedures could not have ever been completed.
Finally, I take this opportunity to record my sincere gratitude to my family, for their incessant support, without which I would not be able to overcome personal difficulties to complete this paper on schedule. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Reticence has been a common problem in EFL classrooms, which seriously damages students’ studying process as well as restricts academic improvement of the whole class. This paper reports an action research undertaken in an English course for 24 second-year non-English majors in a university in Hanoi, Vietnam. Employing such research instruments as questionnaires, researcher’s classroom observation and students’ reflection, the study reveals that these students had low current level of reticence which was presumably caused by some certain factors.
With the aim of decreasing students’ reticence in speaking activities, various measurements including brainstorming strategies training, communication strategies training and motivational feedback were applied. Data collected after the research project proved the positive influence of these measurements on students’ willingness to participate in speaking activities in class. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration. iii Table of contents.
vi List of tables and figures. Problem statement and rationale of the study. Aims and objectives of the study. Scope of the study.
Methods of the study. Design of the study. Definitions of reticence. Reticence in classroom.
Causes of reticence in EFL classroom. Foreign Language Class Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). Possible solutions for reticence in EFL class. Background of the study .1 Description of the English course and textbook.
18 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Rationale for action research. Action research model. Procedure of the intervention.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Summary of the major findings of the research. Limitations of the study. Suggestion for the next cycle.
I v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS List of abbreviations EFL: English as a foreign language FLCAS: Foreign Language Class Anxiety Scale vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables Table 1. Comparison between traditional research and action research. Timeline of intervention phase. Excerpt from table of score for students’ activeness in pair work and group work.
38 List of figures Figure 1. Waters-Adams’s action research model (2006). Average score of each categories of FLCAS. Class’s average score of activeness in group and pair speaking activities in each period.
38 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. INTRODUCTION This part, which is an introduction to the thesis, helps to provide the background as well as the context for the present study. The section includes the statement of the problem and rationale for the study, research questions, aims and objectives, significance, scope of the study and an overview of the rest of the paper. Problem statement and rationale of the study According to researchers in foreign language teaching, speaking skill is believed to be a significant component of any language teaching curriculum.
The ability to speak/ communicate in English is one of the initial aims of learning and using a foreign language (Tsui, 1992; Ellis, 1988). The importance of speaking skill can be seen in two aspects: in social and in academic context. Firstly, being able to communicate, which also reflexes the speaker’s self-expression, personality, reasons and thoughts in a variety of social and working situations, is surely the goal of almost every L2 learners (Luoma, 2004). Secondly, there is an undeniable connection between students' classroom participation and their academic achievement.
Students who participate actively in class, in other words, more willing to speak out in class, are proved to have higher academic achievement than that of those who are passive in class. Krupa- Kwiatkowski (1998), in her study, claims that "interaction involves participation, personal engagement, and the taking of initiative in some way, activities that in turn are hypothesized to trigger cognitive processes conducive to language learning" (p. This also implies that whether students can perform well in foreign language partly relies on their behavior and activeness in class. The more they are enthusiastic in speaking lessons, the more likely that they will learn effectively.
Consequently, the role of the ability to speak, as well as the perception of ability to speak, should not be underestimated by either teacher or pupil. In real teaching situation, however, a great number of students show low level of in-class participation. They are normally not willing to speak English or to join in speaking activities with classmates; even when they know the answers, they 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com hesitate to speak up. It is assumed that when people speak in a second or foreign language, they become more apprehensive and tense and thus more unwilling to participate in conversation (Horwitz et al.
Researches carried out with interviews, observations, journals and survey revealed that a large proportion of L2 learners have the tendency to stay passive and reticent in foreign language classrooms, which hinders their academic achievement. Encouraging students to talk in a language classroom, therefore, is a problem that most language teachers face (Tsui, 1996). With the importance of speaking as mentioned above, there is a pressing need for English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers to help reticent students develop the skills and confidence needed to take an active role in oral classroom lessons. Thus, researchers have been paying increasing attention to the growing importance of oral proficiency in L2 learning situations (Chen, 2003; Flowerdew et al., 2000; Jackson, 2002, 2003; MacIntyre et al.
Most of these studies focus on the factors accounting for this phenomenon. As an EFL teacher in Vietnam, the researcher has experienced many difficult groups of students who have low proficiency in speaking but refuse to collaborate in class. In Asian culture context, this has been shown more clearly than ever. The majority of Vietnamese students have 3 to 12 years studying English from primary school to high school; nevertheless, English subject is usually test-oriented, hence focuses mainly on grammar and reading while speaking is generally neglected.
Students have very few chances for oral practice, which lead to the deficiency on speaking skill and also the habit of speaking in foreign language. As a consequence, students bring that passive habit along when entering university, creating highly inactive atmosphere when it comes to speaking activities. It has become common that a student graduating from university with 2 years of learning English cannot hold a simple conversation with foreigners. In the advent of globalization, an increasing number of companies require certain English level or certification from their employees; meanwhile, the number of university and college graduates who are incapable of using English has always been alarming.
This prevents them from 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com pursuing their desired career or looking for opportunities to work or study abroad. Accordingly, the researcher feels the urge to find out the reasons for the silence of students in speaking class and experiment various solutions to help them gain confidence as well as take their chances to learn and practice English. Another reason for carrying out this study is the fact that willingness to participate in class has been found to vary according to the context (Liu & Jackson, 2009). Since not so many studies have previously dealt with confidence in a Vietnam L2 context, this paper is an attempt to contribute to knowledge in the field of L2 teaching, taking the issue of reticence into account in a Vietnamese EFL classroom.
Aims and objectives of the study This action research project was conducted to aim at solving the problem of reticence in speaking activities which possibly caused students’ low achievement in English subject at university. The specific objectives which guide the study as outlined as follows: 1) To identify the given class’s current level of reticence and possible causes; 2) To evaluate the impact of the intervention on the students’ reticence level. Research questions This paper is expected to answer these following questions: 1) What was the level of reticence in English speaking activities of students before the research project? 2) To what extent was reticence changed after the intervention as perceived by teacher and by students? 4. Scope of the study This research was carried out in the school year 2016 – 2017, in a class of 24 students at University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi during a course of 6 weeks (from August to October), which is equal to half of a semester.
These students were at pre-intermediate level, and had studied English for two semesters before that. The course book employed was New English Files Intermediate (Oxeden, 2007). Since the teacher/ researcher’s major concern is 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com reticence in speaking activities, this study concentrates on activities that involve/ require speaking skills only. Among many research approaches, this study employs action research as the main approach to collect and analyze data.
Methods of the study As mentioned in the previous part, the researcher chose action research for this study for several reasons. Unlike other types, action research is considered "practical research" since the matter of the research is rooted from real situations, real problems identified by researchers, and it proposes measurements to solve those problems or improve the situations. Brown (2005, as cited in Songsiri, 2007, p.50) agreed that action research does not only benefit learners but also aids teachers in enhancing their teaching effectiveness. This study employed such tools as questionnaire, observation and reflective report for each stage of the study.