VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAM THI LAN HUONG EVALUATING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING FOR WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES IN VIETNAM MASTER'S THESIS Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAM THI LAN HUONG EVALUATING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING FOR WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES IN VIETNAM MAJOR: PUBLIC POLICY CODE: PILOT RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. NGUYEN THUY ANH Asst. JUN KAWAGUCHI Acknowledgment Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENT Foremost, I would like to extend my appreciation and sincere thanks to my supervisor from the Vietnamese side, Dr. Nguyen Thuy Anh.
Her patient and constructive advice had helped me a lot in the completion of this thesis. My great gratitude is due to my supervisor from the Japanese side, Dr. Jun Kawaguchi for imparting his valuable guidance and constant supervision during my time in Japan and in Vietnam. Special thanks to the lecturers and staffs in Master’s Program of Public Policy and researchers for their studies and reports on the topic I have researched, whose information and findings had been a great support for my thesis.
My appreciation goes to the directors and staffs of vocational training centers and organizations who willing to participate in the in-depth interviews. Their honest and cooperative answers have provided useful information for my analysis. Finally, I would like to express my love and gratitude towards my family and my friends. Their encouragement and support have shaped my thesis to this stage.
Hanoi 17th June 2019, Sincerely, Pham Thi Lan Huong i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT .i TABLE OF CONTENTS .ii LIST OF TABLES .iv LIST OF FIGURES.vi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION. Research scope and time. Structure of research. 7 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY.
Studies on Persons with Disabilities. Studies on vocational training for women with disabilities. In-depth interviews. 22 Chapter 3 CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING FOR WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES IN VIETNAM.
Definition of disability. Current status of PWDs and WWDs in Vietnam. Legislation documents and legal framework on PWDs in Vietnam. From the perspective of owners of vocational training centers for PWDs.
From the perspective of a female student with disabilities. From the perspective of a company who employed PWDs. From the perspective of social organization that works with matters related to PWDs. 47 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Findings and discussion. 48 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 60 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Guidelines and Rules on disability adopted by the UN in the 1990s .2 Method to evaluate vocational training.3 Theoretical framework to evaluate vocational training used in the thesis. In-depth interview plan.
Share of disability types classified by functional domain and gender (older than 18 years old) .1 Interview results from the perspective of owners of vocational training centers for PWDs .2 Interview results from WWDs who are taking vocational training courses .3 Interview results from the perspective of social organization worker related to PWDs. 47 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Employment inequality between PWDs and the overall population, by sex.1 The Interaction between the components of the ICF. Percentage of PWDs (18 years old and above) in the labor force.
Reasons why PWDs do not work or look for a job. 32 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS CRPD: Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities PWD: Person with disabilities PWOD: Person without disabilities SWD: Student with disabilities UN: United Nations UNFPA: United Nation Population Fund WHO: World Health Organization WWD: Women with disabilities vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Research background As stated by the World Health Organization (WHO), the share of persons with disabilities had increased from 10% in the 1970s to about 15% in 2011 (cited in Nguyen, T. According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017, there were 15% of the world population (around 7.8 million people) were suffering from physical or mental disabilities.
As we can see, the quantity of persons with disabilities (PWD) in the world is quite significant and this figure has been increasing year by year. There are several reasons for this emerging trend in the world. Firstly, the aging population has not only put the world in the situation of the aging labor force but also raised the number of PWDs because there are several types of disabilities appear as people getting older. Secondly, due to the advancement of technology in medical practice, new types of disability have been discovered and recognized worldwide.
Besides that, the world also changed the way to approach and shaping the definition of disability. The conventional concept of disability is usually based on the biological and individual aspect. However, in recent years, researchers and society have taken into consideration the social and environmental factors in defining disability. In consonance with that, the disability of a person is not only represented by the dysfunction of their own bodies but can be affected by the social, cultural and economic barriers.
Defining disability this way gives the society a new perspective on how to view the PWDs and help to detect and have more people registered as disabled. PWDs not only have many difficulties in daily life due to their body dysfunction, but they also face several discriminations. Most of PWDs have a low education background, very few of them attend in higher education. Due to their disability, especially learning disability, some PWDs are not able to finish the study program.
Also, the reason could come from prejudices from family, which consider that it would be a wiser choice to let them study at vocational school and 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com working rather than studying. Therefore, compared to the academic path, going to vocational training and getting a job is more common for most PWDs. Regarding the women with disabilities (WWDs), due to discrimination and prejudice based on gender and disability (Nguyen, Mitchell, de Lange, & Fritsch, 2015), they have to face two types of discriminations: one for they are women, and the other for their disability. In the world population with disabilities, the “disability is more common among women, older people, children and adults who are poor” (WHO, 2017).
In the report of United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child UNCRC - (UN, 2006), it is said that “Girls with disabilities are often even more vulnerable to discrimination due to gender discrimination.” The struggles and difficulties for women with disabilities in accessing education and vocational training is vivid, and yet the situation has remained unimproved. In a smaller scale, among the world’s regions, the South East Asia countries record the second rank and third rank in the prevalence rate of moderate disability (16%) and severe disability (12. However, these high figures are still assumed to be underestimated for this region because most of these countries (except Indonesia and Thailand) applied the medical approach definition for disability rather than the definition of ICF which included the social and cultural aspect. The situation that few children with disabilities attend school is quite common in lots of countries in this region.
Data from Nuri et, al. (2012) shows that the difference between school attendance rates of children with and without disabilities varies from 10% in India to 60% in Indonesia. In Nepal, there are 68% of PWDs have no education (ILO & IRISH AID, 2013). In a report of International Labor Organization (ILO), it is stated that in Thailand, there are nearly two million people (around 3% of the total population) have a disability and majority of them live in the rural area.
The report also cited data from Thailand National Statistics Office Survey in 2007 which show that more than 60% of the PWDs over the age of 15 are unemployed. Especially, among the employed, only a few of them are hired for professional occupations and a majority (more than 50%) worked in the agriculture and fishing sector (ILO & IRISH AID, 2013). Noticeably, the 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com percentage of employed men and women are 43% and 28% respectively show that men with disabilities have more chance in getting a job than women with disabilities (ILO & IRISH AID, 2013). ESCAP (2018) also provided a similar comment saying that in many countries in the Asia and Pacific region, men with disabilities are employed more than women with disabilities.
Employment inequality between PWDs and the overall population, by sex. Adapted from the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (2018). Building Disability – Inclusive Societies in Asia and the Pacific. Assessing Progress of the Incheon Strategy.
United Nations Publication. The data in Figure 1.1 reflects that the employment inequality of both sexes tends to be higher in the Asia countries, for instance, Mongolia, Thailand, Hong Kong, and China. Also, for most countries, the inequality in employment for females with disabilities is equal to or higher than men. There are a few trends we can get from looking at the world and the Asia-Pacific context.
For starters, the population of PWDs in the world is marginalized and more 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com common in groups of poor people, children, and women. Secondly, the percentage of PWDs is increasing. Thirdly, since many developing countries still apply the impairment-based definition of disability - which conflicts with the ICF definition- the data on PWDs in the world is not homogeneous. Finally, the PWDs still face many discriminations which create more difficulties for them to access education and employment.
Especially, women with disabilities still face more discriminations than men with disabilities and have more disadvantage in getting a job. The number of PWDs in Vietnam has been among the highest in the world (Nguyen, T. There are around 6 million people with disabilities represent 7.8% of the total population in Vietnam (MOLISA, 2017). The government has made a lot of effort in supporting the life of people with disabilities and help them to integrate with society.
However, in the mindset of citizens and the government, disabled people are referred to someone who needs to be protected, and they cannot contribute to society. This mindset is a kind of discrimination toward disabled people since it underestimates the ability to integrate with society and the contribution of PWDs. Keeping being faced with that mindset, disabled people are often isolated from opportunities to get sufficient education and employment. They are provided with trivial support in vocational training and rejected by most companies due to their disabilities.
Meanwhile, firms who employed disabled people or were established by disabled people are often small size business with low profit (handicrafts, massage, and knitting). In that context, the disabled women in Vietnam are facing even more discrimination than the male disabled. According to the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008 by GSO, the proportion of female and male disabled are 16. The number of disabled women is larger than men because they have higher longevity.
WWDS are now facing double discrimination, one is discrimination toward disabled people, and the other is discrimination to women. Researches of Rydstrom (2010) and UNFPA (2009) showing evidence of girls with disabilities have more disadvantages than boy within the education 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com setting in Vietnam, and only a few interventions were made to improve the situation (cited in Nguyen & Mitchell, 2014). WWDs are often viewed as abnormal and inferior to persons without disabilities, and they are considered as the shame of family, a burden for the future economy and hindering the industrialization process of the countries (Nguyen & Mitchell, 2014).