VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE HA PHUONG ANALYZING FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXPORT EFFICIENCY OF VIETNAM’S TEXTILE AND GARMENT TO EU COUNTRIES MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE HA PHUONG ANALYZING FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXPORT EFFICIENCY OF VIETNAM’S TEXTILE AND GARMENT TO EU COUNTRIES MAJOR: PUBLIC POLICY CODE: 8340402.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. DANG QUANG VINH Hanoi, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing a master‟s thesis is not an easy task. And I cannot complete it without assistance from a lot of people. I want to express my gratitude to all of them.
I would like to express my sincerest thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Dang Quang Vinh, for his valuable guidance and enthusiastic support from the beginning to the finishing of my thesis writing process. With profound knowledge and experience, he gives me a lot of useful advice to improve my research skills, especially quantitative research skills. Furthermore, his reminder emails and messages are the motivation for me to overcome my laziness to finish this thesis on time.
My appreciation goes to Prof. Naohisa Okamoto, Dr. Nguyen Thuy Anh, Prof. Phung Duc Tuan, Dr.
Vu Hoang Linh, Prof. Koji Fujimoto, and Prof. Hiroichi Kawashima who give me precious comments and suggestions in the interim defense and during the whole writing process. Special thanks to Ms.
Pham Lan Huong, the MPP program assistant. Her kindness, enthusiasm, and patience help me a lot when I felt so struggling with the thesis. I cannot count how many times I expressed my worry and depression to her, but she still patiently listened and comforted me. My thesis cannot be done without her great encouragement.
Finally, thanks to MPP4 for two years full of crazy, funny, interesting, and unexpected things we spent together at VJU. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .i LIST OF FIGURES. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
Problem statement and research purpose. Scope of the research. Significance of the research. Structure of the research .4 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW.
Overview of Vietnam textile and garment sector. Current status of Vietnam textile and garment industry. Current status of Vietnam textile and garment export to EU countries. Research on trade potential, trade efficiency, and export efficiency.
Research on trade potential, trade efficiency, and export efficiency by sector. Stochastic frontier gravity model. Expansion of model .29 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS. Impact of institution on export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries.
Impact of infrastructure on export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries. Impact of goods market efficiency on export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries. Impact of technology readiness on export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries. Export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries.
Limitation of the study .46 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Summary of research on identifying determinants of export efficiency .1: Correlation between four trade facilitation indicators .2: One-step estimation for Vietnam‟s textile and garment export to EU countries (2007–2019) .3: Level of Export efficiency.36 Table A1: Description of HS code .46 Table A2: Export efficiency of Vietnam textile and garment to EU countries, 2007 – 2019 (model with institution) .47 Table A3: Export efficiency of Vietnam textile and garment to EU countries, 2007 – 2019 (model with infrastructure) .50 Table A4: Export efficiency of Vietnam textile and garment to EU countries, 2007 – 2019 (model with goods market efficiency) .53 Table A5: Export efficiency of Vietnam textile and garment to EU countries, 2007 – 2019 (model with technology adoption).56 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Main modes of production of Vietnam's textile and garment industry .2: Export turnover of Vietnam's textile and garment, 2007 – 2019 (USD) .3: Export growth rate of Vietnam's textile and garment, 2007 – 2019 (%) .4: Structure of Vietnam's textile and garment export to EU (by market, and by HS code), 2019 (%) .10 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACFTA: ASEAN - China Free Trade Agreement AIFTA: ASEAN - India Free Trade Agreement ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations CEPII: Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales CMT: Cut – Make – Trim EVFTA: EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement FTA: Free Trade Agreement GSO: General Statistics Office HS code: Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System MLE: Maximum Likelihood Estimation MOIT: Ministry of Industry and Trade OBM: Original Brand Manufacturer ODM: Original Design Manufacturer OEM/FOB: Original Equipment Manufacturer/ Free On Board OLS: Ordinary Least Squares RTA: Regional Trade Agreement SFGM: Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model WEF: World Economic Forum iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Research background Vietnam's foreign policy mindset has been changing a lot since Doi Moi 1986. Key mindset has evolved from International Economic Integration to Comprehensive Economic Integration to In-depth International Integration. Trade liberalization is an important factor promoting the international integration process.
A significant milestone in the process of international integration of Vietnam was when Vietnam became the official member of WTO in 2007. By December 2020, Vietnam has participated in 15 FTAs, of which 13 FTAs came into force, and the other two FTAs are under negotiation (WTO and International Trade center, 2020). Commitments in the FTAs including tariff reduction and eliminating of trading partners bring several benefits to boost Vietnam‟s export, especially for high comparative advantage products with such as textile and garment. The textile and garment industry is one of the key export goods of Vietnam.
In 2007, Vietnam‟s textile and garment exports were only about USD 8. More than a decade later in 2019, the export value of this sector increased five times to USD 39.42 billion, ranked second among Vietnam‟s highest export value sector after electrical machinery and equipment. Vietnam was the world‟s fourth largest textile and garment exporter, after China, EU and Bangladesh in 2019 (MOIT, 2019). As of 31st December 2018, the number of employees working in this industry was 1,870,239, accounting for 12.6% of total employees in Vietnam‟s registered enterprises.
From 2014 to 2019, the average annual growth rate of this sector was about 17% (T. EU is the second largest market importing these products after the USA. After joining WTO, the export value of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to the EU (including the UK) continuously increases, from nearly USD 1.65 billion to about USD 4. In 2019, Vietnam's export market share of these products to the EU expanded to 2.2% of the previous year (MOIT, 2019).
The EU becomes an increasingly important market for Vietnam's textile and garment after EVFTA entered 1 into effect on 1st August 2020. This FTA is expected to bring expansive preferential market access for these goods to the EU. However, the increase in the actual level of bilateral export does not mean an improvement in export efficiency. Export efficiency reflects the performance of Vietnam‟s export with a trading partner.
Therefore, increasing export efficiency will improve the ability to exploit the international trade opportunities of Vietnam. As a result, Vietnam‟s actual trade will increase to reach its highest value. A number of researchers use data of China (Drysdale et al., 2000), India (Batra, 2006), and Bangladesh (Ahsan & Chu, 2014) to indicate that export efficiencies of these countries are still low or they have not yet achieved their full potential for exporting although their total export value keeps rising. This is the result of some „economic distance‟ bias or country-specific factors related to trade such as institution, policy, or weak infrastructure (“behind the border” and “beyond the border” factors).
A few Vietnamese scholars such as Doan & Xing (2018), or Trung et al. (2018) also showed similar results in their research. Problem statement and research purpose So far, many studies on export efficiency have been conducted in other countries. Meanwhile, in Vietnam, this topic has not received scholarly attention.
There is only a few research on the export efficiency of Vietnam, and most of them rather focus mainly on the export of all products than investigate the export efficiency of one particular product such as textile and garment. A lot of publications point out that the export efficiency at aggregated level is relatively low (Drysdale et al. Is the export efficiency of textile and garment sector also as low as export efficiency of total products, or is it an exception? Besides, a few studies have been trying to analyze the factors affecting export efficiency. Calculating the export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment and identifying its determinants would provide a more honest view of the export performance of Vietnam in this industry.
The government can base on this information to design better policies that could maximize export efficiency, especially to the EU market since EVFTA has just been effective, which will provide a number of export opportunities to Vietnam. By increasing export 2 efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries, Vietnam will take full advantage of EVFTA. The purpose of this thesis is to calculate the export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment by applying a similar model to some previous studies with the most updated data for only export textile and garment products to EU countries. I also analyze determinants of export efficiency.
From the research findings, some recommendations are provided to help Vietnam improve its export performance. Research questions This master thesis aims to answer two questions: 1. What is the export efficiency score of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries from 2007 to 2019? 2. Which country-specific factors affect the export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries during that period? 1.
Scope of the research The time scope is from 2007 to 2019. The spatial scope is Vietnam‟s textile and garment to 28 EU countries because the UK was still a member of the EU during this period. Research methodology This thesis uses a quantitative approach with 2 regression models. The first model - stochastic frontier gravity model is used to figure out the export efficiency.
The second model is used to examine country-specific factors affecting it. These two models will be estimated simultaneously (one-step estimation). Data for export value is collected from UN Comtrade, data for country-specific factors are available in the Global Competitiveness Report by World Economic Forum (WEF). Other data is obtained from various sources such as World Bank, Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales (CEPII), and Brugel.
Significance of the research This thesis makes several important contributions: 3 Firstly, it uses the most updated data for only Vietnam‟s export efficiency at a disaggregated level instead of aggregated level, and for a specific region instead of selected partners all over the world. Specifically, I choose the textile and garment sector, and EU countries. Therefore, the research findings reflect the latest situation for export efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries. Secondly, this study contributes in detail on how much the efficiency of Vietnam‟s textile and garment exports, how to compute it, and how determinants affect it.
Moreover, since its determinants are analyzed, the paper offers some suggestions to adjust the impacts of these factors in order to alter export efficiency. Finally, this thesis provides a comprehensive approach to measure the export efficiency score of Vietnam‟s textile and garment to EU countries and identify factors affecting it. In detail, the method that is used in my study is stochastic frontier gravity model with one-step estimation by Battese & Coelli (1995). Structure of the research This thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction.
This chapter provides an overview of the research including research background; problem statements; definitions of key terms; research purposes; research questions; scope, method and significance of the research. Chapter 2: Literature review. This chapter briefly presents previous academic research related to this topic. Chapter 2 contains four sections: Overview of textile and garment industry, and textile and garment industry export in Vietnam; research on trade potential, trade efficiency, and export efficiency at aggregated level; research on trade potential, trade efficiency, and export efficiency at disaggregated level.