APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY The Next Generation of Genetic Engineering Edited by Muhammad Sarwar Khan Iqrar Ahmad Khan Debmalya Barh CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY The Next Generation of Genetic Engineering This page intentionally left blank APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY The Next Generation of Genetic Engineering Edited by Muhammad Sarwar Khan Iqrar Ahmad Khan Debmalya Barh CRC Press Tay ụ Jew York ct Ta ness CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U. Government works Version Date: 20160302 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-1483-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use.
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.com Contributors Chapter1 Emerging tools and approaches to biotechnology in the omics era. Neha Malviya, Aiman Tanveer, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav Section I: Plant biotechnology Chapter 2 Plant molecular biology: Tools to develop transgenics.3 Sandhya Agarwal, Alka Grover, and SM Paul Khurana Chapter 3 Plant molecular biotechnology: Applications of transgenics. Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Ghulam Mustafa, Shahid Nazir, and Faiz Ahmad Joyia Chapter 4 The chloroplast gene-expression system 91 Yusuke Yagi and Takashi Shiina Chapter 5 Molecular biology of mitochondria: Genome, transcriptome, and proteome 127 Muhammad Wagar Hameed Chapter 6 Plant functional genomics: Approaches and applications Mehboob-ur-Rahman, Zainab Rahmat, Maryyam Gul, and Yusuf Zafar Chapter 7 Whole-genome resequencing: Current status and future prospects in genomics-assisted crop improvement. Uday Chand Jha, Debmalya Barh, Swarup K.
Parida, Rintu Jha, and Narendra Pratap Singh Chapter 8 Molecular biotechnology of plant-microbe-insect interactions. Jam Nazeer Ahmad, Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad, and Sandrine Eveillard vi Contents Chapter9 Biotechnology for improved crop productivity and quality.231 Cassiana Severiano de Sousa, Maria Andréia Corréa Mendonca, Syed Shah Hassan, Debmalya Barh, and Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo Chapter 10 Overview of methods to unveil the epigenetic code. Sarfraz Shafiq and Abdul Rehman Khan Section II: Animal biotechnology Chapter 11 Animal models and biomedical research.ssssccssssesecesssssesssssesscesnnesssssssesesses 267, Adeena Shafique, Azka Khan, Kinza Wagar, Aimen Niaz, and Alvina Gul Chapter 12 Variations in our genome: From disease to individualized cure 289 Bishwanath Chatterjee and Cecilia W. Lo Chapter 13 Molecular biotechnology for diagnostics.303 Shailendra Dwivedi, Saurabh Samdariya, Gaurav Chikara, Apul Goel, Rajeev Kumar Pandey, Puneet Pareek, Sanjay KhaHri, Praveen Sharma, Sanjeev Misra, and Kamlesh Kumar Pant Chapter 14 Techniques for cervical cancer screening and diagnosis „345 Haq Nawaz, Nosheen Rashid, Hugh J.
Byrne, and Fiona M. Lyng Chapter 15 Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and adipose tissue biology. ¡”77 Fazli Rabbi Awan and Syeda Sadia Najam Chapter 16 Human tissue banking and its role in biomedical research. Shahid Mian and Ibraheem Ashankyty Section III: Industrial and environmental biotechnology Chapter 17 Microbial biotechnology 405 Margarita Aguilera and Jesús Manuel Aguilera~-Gémez Chapter 18 Molecular biology of viruses: Disease perspective.
Muhammad Mubin, Sehrish Ijaz, Sara Shakir, and Muhammad Shah Nawaz-ul-Rehman Chapter 19 Viral biotechnology: Production perspectiVe.8Ỷ Kinza Wagar, Hafeez Ullah, and Alvina Gul Chapter 20 Cell-free biosystems 465 Manju Sharma and SM Paul Khurana Chapter 21 Magnetic nanoparticles with multifunctional water-soluble polymers for bioapplication: 485 Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Muhammad Asif Hanif,Haq Nawaz, and Bien Tan Contents 0ii Chapter 22 Industrial biotechnology: Its applications in food and chemical industrie: 517 Syed Ali Imran Bokhari, Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Nosheen Rashid, and Muhammad Irfan Majeed Chapter 23 Environmental biotechnology: Approaches for ecosystem conservation 529 Vasavi Mohan, Mohammed Khaliq Mohiuddin, and Yog Raj Ahuja Chapter 24 Marine biotechnology: Focus on anticancer drugs. Amit Rastogi, Sameen Rugia, and Alvina Gul Chapter 25 Engineering genomes for biofuels 569 Niaz Ahmad, Muhammad Aamer Mehmood, Steven J. Burgess, and Muhammad Sarwar Khan This page intentionally left blank Foreword During the last few decades several fundamental discoveries in life sciences have given rise to modern biotechnology, which is essentially based on breakthroughs in molecular biology. It is currently one of the fastest growing areas of science and thus, this century has rightly been termed the “Century of Biology,” hoping that such advances in life sciences will yield changes more momentous than electricity and computers.
The tremendous advances in biotechnology have also had a profound effect not only on agriculture but also on medicine and the environment. About 20% of the world’s phar- maceuticals are produced by using biotechnological processes and it has been estimated that about 50% of all pharmaceuticals will be produced in this manner by the year 2020. The most well-known products are insulin and many other biologicals, including inter- feron, other cytokines, and several antibiotics. With the developments in DNA sequencing, “personalized medicine” is on the anvil.
In the case of agriculture, the gains due to high-yielding varieties as a result of the green revolution in the 1960s have tapered off due to the increasing cost of inputs and scarcity of water in many countries. In order to make agriculture sustainable, modern bio- technology has played a significant role by developing pest-resistant and drought-tolerant crop varieties. As a result, there has been a 10-fold increase in the area under transgenic crops in the world since 1996 when it was 1.7 million ha, which has increased to 1785 mil- lion ha in 2014. This has come about by utilizing a series of molecular biology technologies related to genomics and new tools of bioinformatics.
During the last decade there have been several new discoveries in molecular biology that have rapidly found their way to applications. The whole new world of “omics” com- prising genomics, proteomics, transcriptiomics, and metabolomics has revolutionized the way translational research is carried out. In addition, strides in computational, structural, and organelle biology have opened new vistas for developing useful products. This book, Applied Molecular Biotechnology: The Next Generation of Genetic Engineering, is timely and very much needed by our younger generation of researchers.
It comprises well-documented chapters on all aspects of new and emerging technologies related to plants, animals, industry, and the environment. I would like to compliment the editors for compiling such a comprehensive book covering all important aspects of the technology. Tam sure it will be well received by the readers. Kauser Abdulla Malik, HI, SI, TI Distinguished National Professor Dean for Postgraduate Studies Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) Lahore This page intentionally left blank Preface The twenty-first century is an era of technology and its applications.
In the recent past, several path-breaking innovations in the field of life sciences have enabled us to resolve a number of serious global issues using cutting-edge technologies. This book provides important revolutionary molecular biology technique-based next-generation genetic engi- neering toward finding solutions to our needs in the fields of plant, animal, industrial, and environmental biotechnology. The book, Applied Molecular Biotechnology: The Next Generation of Genetic Engineering, consists of 25 chapters subdivided into 3 sections. Chapter 1 by Dr.
Malviya and col- leagues provides an overview of omics-based latest tools and approaches used in modern biotechnology. Section I (Plant biotechnology) begins with Chapter 2 where Dr. Agarwal’s group has demonstrated in detail how the various molecular biology technologies can be used to develop transgenic plants. In Chapter 3, Dr.
Khan’s team elaborated on how these transgenic plants can fulfill our ever-growing demand for food and other plant- derived products. Yagi and Shiina have given a detailed account of the chloroplast gene expression system and its applications in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 is dedicated to organelle biotechnology. In this chapter, mitochondrial omics have been discussed by Dr.
Mehboob-ur-Rahman and colleagues discuss various approaches and applications of plant functional genomics in the next chapter (Chapter 6). In Chapter 7, Dr. Jha et al. describe the current status and future prospects of whole genome rese- quencing toward crop improvement.
Plant-microbe and plant-insect interactions are key phenomena in plant molecular biotechnology where plant protection and productivity are concerned. A detailed account on these aspects is presented by Dr. Ahmad’s group in Chapter 8. In Chapter 9, Dr.
de Sousa and colleagues have given brief, but highly useful, content in “Biotechnology for improved crop productivity and quality.” The last chapter (Chapter 10) by Drs. Shafiq and Khan provides an overview of the methods that unveil the epigenetic code. Chapter 11 by Dr. Shafique et al.
deals with various animal models used in biomedical research. The most recent trend in medical genomics, that is, pharmacogenomics, is dis- cussed in Chapter 12 by Drs. Chatterjee and Lo, titled “Variations in our genome: From disease to individualized cure.” Chapter 13 by Dr. Dwivedi’s group discusses how modern biotechnological approaches are used in the molecular diagnosis of various diseases such as cervical cancer, obesity, and diabetes.
Chapters 14 and 15 are dedicated to these two highly important topics. While the screening and diagnosis techniques of cervical cancer are discussed in Chapter 14 by Dr. Nawaz and colleagues, Chapter 15 deals with the bio- logical aspects of diabetes and obesity and are documented by Drs. Awan and Najam.
The last chapter (Chapter 16) under Section II deals with human tissue banking and its role in biomedical research, by Drs. Mian and Ashankyty. xi xii Preface Section II combines industrial and environmental biotechnology. The general aspects of microbial biotechnology written by Drs.
Aguilera and Aguilera-GÓmez are included in Chapter 17. Mubin’s group discusses the molecular aspects of viral dis- eases in Chapter 18. Chapter 19 by Dr. Ullah et al.
deals with the production of industrial commodities using viral biotechnology. Chapter 20 deals with an important topic “Cell free biosystems” by Drs. Sharma and Khurana. The biotechnological uses of magnetic nanoparticles are covered by Dr.
Majeed and colleagues in Chapter 21. Various appli- cations of biotechnology in food and chemical industries are discussed in Chapter 22 by Dr. Bokhari and coauthors. In Chapter 23, Dr.
Mohan's team describes how modern biotechnology can be applied to conserve our ecosystem. In this section, a special topic on marine biotechnology is also included. Rastogi and colleagues in Chapter 24 have provided a comprehensive account on various anticancer drugs from marine resources. The final chapter (Chapter 25) of this book deals with biofuel genomics by Dr.
Khan and colleagues where genome-scale plant genetic engineering is described to develop trans- genic plants for optimum biofuel production. Since biotechnology itself is an interdisciplinary subject, it is difficult to cover every aspect of the subject in a single book. In this book, we have tried our best to provide an overview of the latest trends of application of molecular biology techniques in plant, animal, industrial, and environmental biotechnology.