VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES HOÀNG THỊ PHƯƠNG LOAN IMPROVING ENGLISH VOCABULARY RETENTION BY USING MEMORY STRATEGIES: AN ACTION RESEARCH NÂNG CAO KHẢ NĂNG LƯU NHỚ TỪ VỰNG TIẾNG ANH BẰNG CÁCH SỬ DỤNG CÁC THỦ THUẬT GHI NHỚ: NGHIÊN CỨU HÀNH ĐỘNG M. Combined Program Thesis Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60.10 HANOI – 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES HOÀNG THỊ PHƯƠNG LOAN IMPROVING ENGLISH VOCABULARY RETENTION BY USING MEMORY STRATEGIES: AN ACTION RESEARCH NÂNG CAO KHẢ NĂNG LƯU NHỚ TỪ VỰNG TIẾNG ANH BẰNG CÁCH SỬ DỤNG CÁC THỦ THUẬT GHI NHỚ: NGHIÊN CỨU HÀNH ĐỘNG M. Combined Program Thesis Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60.10 Supervisor: Phạm Thị Hạnh, M. HANOI – 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Candidate‘s statement……………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………….
iii List of tables and figures…………………………………………………………… vii PART A: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study…………………………… 1 2. Aims of the study and research questions………………………………………. Significance of the study………………………………………………………… 4 4.
Scope of the study………………………………………………………………. Methods of the study……………………………………………………………. An overview of the rest of the paper……………………………………………. 6 PART B: DEVELOPMENT……………………………………………………… 7 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………….
Language Learning Strategies……………………………………. Definition of Language Learning Strategies…………………………. The importance of Language Learning Strategies in Language 9 Learning and Teaching………………………………………………. Features of Language Learning Strategies…………………………….
LLS – a sufficient condition for successful learning? ………………. Vocabulary and Vocabulary Learning Strategies………………………… 13 1. The importance of vocabulary in second language learning…… 14 1. Vocabulary retention and memory systems‘ process of working.
Vocabulary learning strategies (VLS)…………………………………. Classification of VLS…………………………………………… 18 1. Definition of memory strategies………………………………………… 24 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Why memory strategies?.
Classification of Oxford‘s Memory strategies…………………………. Placing a new word into a context……………………………. The background of the study………………………………………………. The study setting ……………………………………………………….
TOEIC and TOEIC vocabulary………………………………………… 33 2. Implementation of the Action Research…………………………………… 34 2. Data collection instruments…………………………………………………. Vocabulary Knowledge Scale.
Pre-test and post-tests ………………………. Data collection procedure……………………………………………………. Methods and data analysis procedures……………………………………. 43 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………………………………… 45 3.
Results from VKS………………………………………………………. Result from the interview………………………………………………… 46 3. Results from the immediate post-test …………………………. Results from the delayed post-test ……………………………………….
Results from learners‘ diaries …………………………………………… 56 3. Results from the self-report column in the immediate post-test ………… 58 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Students‘ attitudes towards the strategy training scheme………………… 59 3. The students‘ attitudes towards four sub-memory strategies…………….
Students‘ suggestions for future program………………………………. Suggested activities for introducing and practicing memory strategies. Other recommendations for teachers………………………………………. Major findings of the study……………………………………………………… 74 2.
Limitations of the study…………………………………………………………. Suggestions for further study……………………………………………………. 77 APPENDICES I Appendix 1: Vocabulary teaching schedule………………………………………. II Appendix 2: Schmitt‘s taxonomy of VLS………………………………………… IV Appendix 3: Oxford‘ taxonomy of LLS………………………………………… VI Appendix 4: VKS test……………………………………………………………… VIII Appendix 5: Pre-test/post-test 1/post-test 2……………………………………….
X Appendix 6: Questionnaire………………………………………………………… XVI Appendix 7: Sample of in-class & at-home handouts……………………………. XVIII Appendix 8: Sample of learners‘ diaries…………………………………………… XXVIII Appendix 9: Suggested activities employing memory strategies…………………. XXXIX LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com vii LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND ABBREVIATIONS TABLES PAGE Table 1: Definitions of Language Learning Strategies…………………………… 8 Table 2: Features of Language Learning Strategies……………………………… 10 Table 3: A collection of some important principles needed to retain vocabulary items………………………………………………………………………………. 16 Table 4: Gu & Johnson‘s taxonomy of VLS……………………………………… 20 Table 5: Nation‘s taxonomy of VLS……………………………………………… 21 Table 6: Oxford‘s memory strategies…………………………………………….
25 Table 7: Student profile…………………………………………………………… 31 Table 8: Schedule of vocabulary teaching for TOEIC A class…………………… 32 Table 9: Students‘ problems in independent learning vocabulary……………. 49 Table 10: Strategies used as reported in students‘ diaries………………. 51 Table 11: Report of strategies used in the immediate post-test……. 52 Table 12: Mean scores gained by the group in the pre-test and immediate post- test………………………………………………………………………………… 52 Table 13: Individuals‘ performance in the pre-test and immediate post-test…….
53 Table 14: Mean scores gained by individuals in the pre-test and immediate post- test………………………………………………………………………………… 55 Table 15: Mean scores gained by the group in the pre-test and delayed post- test………………………………………………………………………………… 55 Table 16: Individuals‘ performance in the pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test…………………………………………………………………. 57 Table 17: Mean scores gained by individuals in the pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test……………………………………………………………… 58 Table 18: Students‘ preference of four sub-memory strategies…………………… 62 Table 19: Students‘ suggestions for future program………………………………. 63 Table 20: Types of strategy training………………………………………………. 67 FIGURES Figure 1: Diagram of Direct Strategies…………………………………………….
23 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com viii Figure 2: Diagram of Indirect Strategies…………………………………………. 23 Figure 3: Action research circle…………………………………………………… 34 Figure 4: Data collection procedure………………………………………………. 41 Figure 5: Results from VKS test…………………………………………………. 45 Figure 6: The whole group‘s performance in the pre-test and immediate post- 51 test………………………………………………………………………………….
Figure 7: Individuals‘ performance in the pre-test and immediate post-test……… 52 Figure 8: The whole group‘ performance in the pre-test and the delayed post test 54 Figure 9: The whole group‘ performance in the pre-test, immediate post-test and 54 delayed post-test…………………………………………………………………… Figure 10: Individuals‘ performance in the pre-test, immediate post-test and 56 delayed post-test…………………………………………………………………… Figure 11: Strategies used as reported students‘ diaries…………………………. 57 Figure 12: Importance of the strategy training scheme……………………………. 59 Figure 13: Effectiveness of the strategy training scheme…………………………. 60 Figure 14: Pleasure during the strategy training scheme………………………….
61 Figure 15: A model for strategy training…………………………………………. 68 ABBREVIATIONS LLS: Language Learning Strategies VLS: Vocabulary Learning Strategies L2: Foreign Language VKS: Vocabulary Knowledge Scale M: Mean Score TOEIC: Test of English for International Communication LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1 PART A: INTRODUCTION This chapter sheds light on the statement of the problem and rationale for the study as well as its aims and research questions. Moreover, the scope and the significance of the study are also presented in this part. Lastly, the chapter concludes with an overview of the rest of the paper, serving as a useful compass to help the reader stay on track throughout the research.
Statement of the problem and rationale for the study ―I’m sure that I have seen this word before but…I do not remember its meaning.‖ ―Teacher, could you tell me the best way to learn vocabulary? I have tried a lot but it is always easy for me to forget the meanings of words that I have learned.” “At first, I can remember all the words that you have taught us but… after a few days, it seems to be very difficult for me to recall their meanings although they look really familiar to me.” “I can’t remember all things about a word, like how to pronounce it, whether it is a verb or a noun, when I can use it…” “Teacher, how can I remember the words that I have learnt?” … Those are questions and comments that my students often share with me. They all know the importance of learning vocabulary; however, they seem to be frustrated with trying to learn new words. This can be shown by the way they express themselves in English confusingly; their gesture of slightly scratching their head when they have to deal with words that they do not know; and their low marks in vocabulary test. From this reality, a challenging question is set for teachers of English in general and me - one teacher of English in particular: “How to help students retain vocabulary effectively?‖ From my own experience as a student, I used to ask myself a question like my students now: “How can I remember this word?” It was very easy for me to understand the meaning and get the right pronunciation of a word at first, but it was also easy for me to forget those things a short time later.
It therefore resulted in bad marks in my reading comprehension tests and the way I tried to use suitable words when I had to present in class. One day, there appeared an idea in my mind – that I think is a turning point in the way I have dealt with learning vocabulary: that was the time when my teacher gave us an LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2 example to explain the meaning of the word: ―embarrassed‖. She said, ―Just imagine, you are in a restaurant with a very important person and you carelessly pour your entire café cup on his clothes….and that will be the time you feel so “embarrassed”. So we all understood that ―embarrassed‖ showed the feeling when we did something wrong and we did not know what to do then.
I myself think that this associating way is very simple but really impressive and effective. As a result, I remember that word for my life. Thus, after graduating from university and being an English teacher, I started to study the very first readings about Vocabulary and Vocabulary Learning. Vocabulary plays an important part in language learning as Schmitt (2010) stated, ―Learning vocabulary is an essential part of mastering a second language‖ (p.
This view has been strongly approved by all partners involving in learning process. For example, McCarthy (1990, p.viii) added ―no matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of L2 are mastered, without words to express a wider range of meanings, communication in an L2 just cannot happen in any meaningful way‖. The learners will certainly face difficulties when communicating in English without equipping themselves with necessary vocabulary items. Furthermore, vocabulary deficiency can be reason for weakness in many language skills, namely reading and listening comprehension, speaking competence, writing performance and grammatical accuracy.
Learning vocabulary is no doubt an indispensable step of L2 acquisition. However, learning but not remembering is not successful learning. Students should be taught how to remember vocabulary or recall necessary vocabulary when needed. In general, they must be provided the way to process information deeply.
Studying VLS has been an interest for a great deal of psychologists, linguists and language teachers for a long time. There are numerous studies conducted about VLS, their effectiveness in learning vocabulary. Almost these researchers have attempted to develop a framework of category of VLS. They are: O‘Malley and Chamot (1990), Oxford (1990); Stoffer (1995); Gu and Johnson (1996), Schmitt (1997), Nation (2001), to name but a few.
At the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, vocabulary learning and teaching ―have yet to receive adequate attention‖ and that ―vocabulary is often integrated into other communicative skills and the task of vocabulary acquisition is totally left to students. Also, the research interest among the university staff and students has seemingly moved away from this field‖ (Ngo, 2009, p. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. He also critically pointed out that at post-graduate library where research papers in English were deposited, lecturers‘ research on vocabulary could hardly be found.
Besides, he also described a dramatic fall in the number of graduation papers concerning about this issue by giving out some alarming figures: ―while up to 9 graduation papers in 1998 dealt with vocabulary, the figure dropped to 4 in 1999 and only 1 in 2002, and 2003‖. In May, 2009, he himself conducted a research on ―Vocabulary Level and Vocabulary Strategies of ULIS First Year Mainstream English Majors‖. In this research, he aimed at finding out the vocabulary level of the first year students, what strategies they used in their vocabulary learning and what problems they encountered with vocabulary learning strategies. This research took no attempt to fill the gap in changing and correcting the previous scholars‘ VLS systems, identifying the vocabulary level or the numbers of vocabulary strategies used among students, but practically focused on applying some specific strategies in vocabulary learning and examining their effectiveness.