VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSETY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSFGRADUATE STUDIES: NGUYEN THI HONG NHUNG A CROSS-CULIURAL STUDY OF PAUSES AND TIME-FLLLERS LN SOME AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE FILMS (Nghiên cứu giao văn hóa về việc sử dụng các quãng lặng và các yếu tố khúa lấp trong một số bộ phim V Nam và Mỹ) MLA. MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS COTE: 60 22 15, HANOI- 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL TNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACTLTY OF POSTGRADL ATE STUTNES NGUYỄN THỊ HỎNG NHUNG A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF PAUSES AND TIME-FLLLERS 1N SOME AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE FILMS (Nghiên cứu giao văn hóa về việc sir dung cic quang ling và các yếu tổ khóa lấp trong một số bộ phim Việt Nam và Mỹ) M. MINOR THESIS PIELD: ENGLISH LINGLUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 SUPERVISOR: Prof, Dr. Nguyén Quang HA NÓI - 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TARLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ABBREVLATIONS Part A.
Scope of the study TIT. Aims of the study wo IV. Design of the study Part B, DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1.1, Language, culture and communication. Language and communication 1.
Language anđ culture. Tligh-cont culture vs. low-conlext cultare 1. Definitions and main differences 1.
Entering high and low context sitnations. Non-verbal communication 1.4, Paralanguage Chapter IL Silence/ Pauses and Time-fillers 2. Chapter ILL Findings and discussion 3. Research method and data collection instruments vi LIST OF TABLES ‘Vietnamese findings: “Table 1: Number of pauses and time-fillers (benveen colleagues) Table 2: Number of pauses and lime-fillers (boss to employee) ‘Table 3: Number of pauses and time-fillers (employee fo boss) ‘table 4: Duration of pauses and time-fillers (boss to employee) ‘Table 5: Duration of pausos and tirmo-Billors (enyployee to boss) Table 6; Duration of pauses and time-fllers (beireen colleugues) American findings: Tat Number of pauses and limne-fillors (heneeen colleagues) Table 8: Number of pauses and time fillers (bass to employee) Table 9: Number of pauses and time-tillers (eniployee io boss) ‘Table 10: Duration of pauses and time-fillers (benveen colleagues) Table 11: Duration of pauses and time-fillers (boss te employee) ‘Table 12: Duration of pauses and time-fillers (employee to boss) PART A.
INFRODUCTION L RATIONALE At the beginning of the 21st century, it is beyond question that English has become the dingua france, the language uscd for communication across territorial and. Crystal (2003: 120) states that “Znglish has become a global language because it has heen at the right place at the right time’. Tunglish is considered the ‘universal language and its contribution towards such fields as business, international commranications, entertainment, tourism, trade and technotogy, is undeniable’. People learning and using English are increasing dramatically in number worldwide.
It can be sccn that, because of the heavy demand of cross-cultural interaction, the development of telecommunications, and the appearance of communicative approaches in language teaching and leaming, the study of speech acis in communication appears inevitable. ‘The last few decades have witnessed a great change for the betier in the telalionship between Viel Nam and the US. Many cross-cultural activities have been performed between the American and the Victnamesc. However, it is observed that, in cross-cultural interaction, people tend to focus much more on linguistic factors than on cultural factors.
Por example, it is customary for the Vietnamese to extend such preeting routines as ‘Bae/ ¢d/ che! anh/ mity dang lim gi day’, “Bác/ cũ chú: anh mày đang ái đâu đẩy”, s0, when. communicating with their Anglophone friends, they simply transfer their cultural practives inte “What are you doing?’ ox ‘Where are you going?’. In the English-speaking cultures, such greeting routines are considerably embrassing, especially in the initial meeting. The lack of appropriateness in language usc may lcad to misinterprctation, misunderstanding and miscommunication.
Communication breakdown might very much be the case. Therefore, the study of Vietnamese- American cross-cultural differences in speech acts is obviously necessary. Silence/Pauses and time-fillers exist in all social interactions in any cullure. They are used to show respect, anger, hostility, disinterest, or any other emotions.
However, vi ABBREVIATIONS sp Social Power 1c Tigh Context Le Low Context NVC Nonverbal Communication TP) Timo-Riler(s) C Pause vi ABBREVIATIONS sp Social Power 1c Tigh Context Le Low Context NVC Nonverbal Communication TP) Timo-Riler(s) C Pause PART B. Language, culture and communication 1. Language and communication By age four, most humans have developed an ability to communicate through oral language. Tly age six or seven, most humans can coniprehend, as well as express, written thoughts.
These unique abilities of comnmunicating through a native language clearly separate humans from all animals. in 1994, in Time magazine, an article appeared titled ‘ITow man began’. Within that article was the following bold assertion: “No single, essential difference separates human beings from other animals”. Yel, in what is obviously a contradiction to such 4 slalement, all evolutionists admit thal commmanication via speech is uniquely human - so that it often is used as the singular, and most important, dividing line between humans and animals.
In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Revolution, Jones, Martin, and Pilbcam (1999) concede that there arc no non-human languages, and then go on to observe that langvage is an adaptation unique to humans, and yet the nature of its uniqueness and ils biological basis are notoriously diMficull to define. In his book, The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain, Terrance Deacon (1997) notes: Ja this context [.], consider the case of human language. It is one af the most distinctive behavioral adaptations on the planet. Languages evolved in only one species, in only one way, without precedent, except in the most general sense.
And the differences between languages and all other natural modes of communicating are vast Language is the development of the basic form of communication between human ‘beings, and in a sovicly. And jusl as if is the basic form, if is also the most developed. We can not communicate in any real sense without language, other than through V. DESIGN OF THLE SEUDY The study consists of three parts: PartI.
Introduction, which provides the rationale, scope, aims and methods of the sudy. Development, which consists of three chapters Chapter 1. This chapter covers the rclationship between language and culture, language and communication, cross-cultural communication, high-context and low-conlext. culture, non-verbal communication and paralanguage.
Silence/pauses and Time-filers. This chapter reviews the issues relevant to the study including silence/ pauses and time-fillers. Then the notions of silence/ pause and time-filler definitions and usages are discussed. Findings and Discussions.
‘The strategies of using silence/pauses and Iime-fillers entified and major cross-cullural differences and similarities discussed. Part THỊ, Conclusion, in which the main findings are reviewed, the implications for cross- culture interactions, the limitations of the study pointed out and suggestions for further research ofTeredL PART B. Language, culture and communication 1. Language and communication By age four, most humans have developed an ability to communicate through oral language.
Tly age six or seven, most humans can coniprehend, as well as express, written thoughts. These unique abilities of comnmunicating through a native language clearly separate humans from all animals. in 1994, in Time magazine, an article appeared titled ‘ITow man began’. Within that article was the following bold assertion: “No single, essential difference separates human beings from other animals”.
Yel, in what is obviously a contradiction to such 4 slalement, all evolutionists admit thal commmanication via speech is uniquely human - so that it often is used as the singular, and most important, dividing line between humans and animals. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Revolution, Jones, Martin, and Pilbcam (1999) concede that there arc no non-human languages, and then go on to observe that langvage is an adaptation unique to humans, and yet the nature of its uniqueness and ils biological basis are notoriously diMficull to define. In his book, The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain, Terrance Deacon (1997) notes: Ja this context [.], consider the case of human language. It is one af the most distinctive behavioral adaptations on the planet.
Languages evolved in only one species, in only one way, without precedent, except in the most general sense. And the differences between languages and all other natural modes of communicating are vast Language is the development of the basic form of communication between human ‘beings, and in a sovicly. And jusl as if is the basic form, if is also the most developed. We can not communicate in any real sense without language, other than through when and how to use time-fillers or silence/pauses are not the same in different Tanguages and cultures.
Therefore, the study of similarities and differences of using silencefpauses and time-illers in interaction would help not only for the success of American-Viemamese cross-cultural communication but also in communicative language teaching/lcarning, U. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Alihough intvalinguistic (vocabulary, grammatical rales, phonetic rules.) and extralingnistic (facial expressions, postures, proximity.) factors, toa great extent, playa vitally important role in communication, they are beyond the scope of this study. This study only focuses on pauses and time-fillers in some American and Viemamese films for the discovery of major similarities and differences between the two groups ‘This research is confined to studying only the factor of power [colleague to colkeague (exmal); bass lo employee (high lo low); and employes lo boss (low lo high)] that are readily manageable and lend themselves to quantitative analyses. Similar plots, characters and scenes that involve similar communicative events! siluations arc intentionally chosen for contrasti mualy is, OE AIMS OF THE STUDY ‘The aims of the study are: = To investigate the use of silence/pauses anil time-fillers under the variables of powerin chosen situations in some American and Vietnamese films.
- To find out major American- Vietnamese cross-cultural differences and similarities in using silencefpauses and lime-(illers in the situations under inv gation. METHODOLOGY ‘The main method of this study is the quantitative one. All the considerations, romarks, intcrprctations, comments and assumptions given in the study arc largely based on data analysis with due reference to publications ‘The data were collected from four American and four Vietnamese socio- psychological Gtms. The instrument to construc! validation is used lo tap individual assessment of social power (SP).
DESIGN OF THLE SEUDY The study consists of three parts: PartI. Introduction, which provides the rationale, scope, aims and methods of the sudy. Development, which consists of three chapters Chapter 1. This chapter covers the rclationship between language and culture, language and communication, cross-cultural communication, high-context and low-conlext.
culture, non-verbal communication and paralanguage. Silence/pauses and Time-filers. This chapter reviews the issues relevant to the study including silence/ pauses and time-fillers. Then the notions of silence/ pause and time-filler definitions and usages are discussed.
Findings and Discussions. ‘The strategies of using silence/pauses and Iime-fillers entified and major cross-cullural differences and similarities discussed. Part THỊ, Conclusion, in which the main findings are reviewed, the implications for cross- culture interactions, the limitations of the study pointed out and suggestions for further research ofTeredL V. DESIGN OF THLE SEUDY The study consists of three parts: PartI.
Introduction, which provides the rationale, scope, aims and methods of the sudy. Development, which consists of three chapters Chapter 1. This chapter covers the rclationship between language and culture, language and communication, cross-cultural communication, high-context and low-conlext. culture, non-verbal communication and paralanguage.
Silence/pauses and Time-filers. This chapter reviews the issues relevant to the study including silence/ pauses and time-fillers. Then the notions of silence/ pause and time-filler definitions and usages are discussed. Findings and Discussions.
‘The strategies of using silence/pauses and Iime-fillers entified and major cross-cullural differences and similarities discussed.