MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF LAW FACULTY OF LEGAL LANGUAGES THE EFFECT OF THEMATIC CLUSTERING ON STUDENTS’ STUDYING VOCABULARY RECOGNITION AND PRODUCTION: A SINGLE-SUBJECT STUDY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Submitted by Ngo Nhat Thanh Tra Supervised by Ms. Le Nguyen Thao Thy (MA.) Ho Chi Minh City, June 21st, 2023. STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis entitled “The effect of thematic clustering on students’ studying vocabulary recognition and production: a single-subject study” is my own work. Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis does not contain material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, June 21st, 2023 Ngo Nhat Thanh Tra ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation and deeply-felt words to all those concerned in my thesis.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude for my academic supervisor, Ms. Le Nguyen Thao Thy for her endless support and care about my studies throughout the years I have spent at Ho Chi Minh City University of Law. Her informative comments and helpful instructions were a great support for me to complete this thesis. My thanks and appreciations go to WESET English Center for their agreement and non-stop support for me to complete this work.
Also, my gratitude and appreciation go to my IELTS supervisor: Mr. To Minh Dat, my CE supervisors: Mr. Nguyen Hoang Thanh and Ms. Dang Nguyen Nha Uyen at WESET English Center for their supportive and willingness to help me achieve my goals.
My sincere thanks go to my dear students at WESET English Center for their voluntariness and help in collecting the data for this study, without them it would be impossible to complete this thesis. iii ABSTRACT Together with the contrast between interference hypothesis and distinctiveness hypothesis, the decision of whether to teach vocabulary using semantic clustering, thematic clustering or other types of word clustering presents as a controversial matter. Though previous studies have already examined this issue on several perspectives, little or no evidence approached from the viewpoint of non-native speakers of English. Therefore, supporting the distinctiveness hypothesis, the study compares the effect of studying thematic clustering and unrelated clustering vocabulary on memory recognition and retention.
Utilizing experiment research, a single-subject study was conducted on 6 participants throughout the course of studying, testing and interviews. The results emphasized the effectiveness of thematic clustering on vocabulary recognition and production, whilst confirming the participants’ preference and positive attitudes toward this type of clustering. The study, thus, retained the distinctiveness hypothesis effect of presenting and practicing thematically related vocabulary in a non-English speaking classroom environment. Keywords: thematic clustering; vocabulary; recognition; retention.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS .V LIST OF FIGURES. VIII LIST OF TABLES. IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY .2 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE .4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .5 OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS CHAPTERS.
5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Non-treatment and Treatment Period .2 Pre- and Post-interview .5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS. 25 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS .1 Immediate test results .2 Delayed test results.1 Students’ normal way of vocabulary learning.2 Students’ perception about unrelated clustering.3 Students’ perception about thematic clustering.1 Students’ perception about unrelated clustering.2 Students’ perception about thematic clustering.3 Students’ preference and self-evaluation.4 Students’ suggestion for classroom use. Studying vocabulary using thematic clustering facilitate students’ vocabulary acquisition. Studying vocabulary using thematic clustering facilitate students’ vocabulary recognition and production .1 THE HYPOTHESES REVISITED.2 Implications for teaching English vocabulary and developing materials 42 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.
68 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4. 27 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 4. 31 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EFL: English as a Foreign Language ESL: English as a Second Language L1: First language, native language L2: Second language H1: Hypotheses 1 H2: Hypotheses 2 NH1: Null Hypotheses 1 NH2: Null Hypotheses 2 x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the relevant context revolve the notion of thematic clustering as well as set out the reasons why there is a need to carry out research in this field. The purpose of the research is to compare the effect of thematic versus unrelated clustering on memory recognition and retention.
Also, the significance of the present study will be pinpointed. Finally, an overview of the paper structure will be included.1 Rationale of the study Vocabulary, defined by Hoshino (2010) as the basis of language, has reached its traces of popularity in the field of English language, thus being recognized as an honor visitor in recent pedagogical research (Bogaards & Laufer, 2004; Coady & Huckin, 1997; Erten & Tekin, 2008; Read, 2000; Richards & Renandya, 2002). Since language is supposed to be meaningless without vocabulary (Sarioglu, 2018), it should be the one aspect that receives foremost attention in language teaching (Al Jabri, 2005) and should be pinpointed as a factor facilitating second language learning progress (Zargosh, Karbalaei, & Afraz, 2013). It is clearly stated by Willis (1990) that “without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed” (pp.
111), and Nation (2006) also asserts that the amount of vocabulary needed per person can be up to 8,000 to 9,000 words, equivalent to 98% vocabulary coverage in order to understand a newspaper and a novel. Of the many dimensions of research in this area witnesses a variety of ways to study vocabulary where thematic clustering (Gholami & Khezrlou, 2013; Markman & Hutchinson, 1984; Tinkham, 1997) is one approach beside the other type of word lists, namely taxonomic associate (Markman & Hutchinson, 1984), contextualization (Rahimi, 2014), semantic clustering (Finkbeiner & Nicol, 2003; Hashemi & Gowdasiaei, 2005; Waring, 1997), code-switching and code-mixing (Ayemoni, 2006; Amuda, 1989; Atoye, 1994; Belly, 1976; Bokamba, 1989), to name a few. Supporting the conclusion drawn by several researchers following the distinctiveness hypothesis (Tinkham, 1997, 2000), thematic clustering, according to Gholami and Khezrlou (2013), is the lexical set of vocabulary binding upon a specific schema formed on the basis of the arrangement of groups of words. Tracing back to the situation in Vietnam, empirical investigations reveal that Vietnamese learners have quite limited vocabulary knowledge, especially understanding the equivalent meaning as well as word forms (Dang, 2020; Nguyen, 2017; Tran, 2013; Vu & Nguyen, 2019).
In addition, delve into the field in questions, thematic clustering received most of the empirical attention in a context where English is considered to be the first or second language, and the context of previous research about thematic clustering often carries out on bilingual or monolingual participants (Sarioglu & Yildirim, 2018; Zarei & Adami, 2013; Zarei & Arasteh, 2011). Therefore, regardless of the existence of empirical studies about thematic clustering, there is a lack of concentration in the learning environment where English has its background as a foreign language. Moreover, while previous studies considered thematic clustering only as a minor element beside other lexical categories such as semantic clustering, contextualization, code-mixing, etc. (Belly, 1976; Bokamba, 1989; Gholami & Khezrlou, 2013; Hippner Page, 2000; Smiley & Brown, 1979), with exception given in a few studies (Tinkham, 1997), thematic clustering, standing alone, can have either stronger or weaker impacts that need to be investigated further.
The level of participants, additionally, also raises such a concern. 2 Because previous studies only investigated certain learners, including advanced learners or very young children (Hippner-Page, 2000; Markman & Hutchinson, 1984; Smiley & Brown, 1979; Tinkham, 1997) it is possible that a study about thematic clustering on a different level of learners, for example, elementary or pre-intermediate, comes up with different outcomes. Finally, since empirical studies came up with conclusions solely based on the results of immediate and delayed posttests, the results of those tests are quite fixed in numbers and do not reflect the nature of the phenomenon, i., prove that thematic clustering is effective or ineffective (Alshaikhi, 2011; Hippner-Page, 2000; Hoshino, 2010; Rahmati & Helmiyadi, 2021; Smiley & Brown, 1979). It is clear that all the key reasons as abovementioned reflect the demand for researchers to further investigate the field of thematic clustering; therefore, the current study places thematic clustering as a major categorization and attempts to highlight it by putting thematic clustering next to unrelated clustering to witness the impact of thematic clustering on recognition and retention.
Additionally, by focusing purposely on pre-intermediate level learners of English as a foreign language, the current paper gives insight into the impact of thematic clustering and also delves into the attitudes and behaviours of the students studying thematic clustering approach.2 Statement of purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of thematic clustering on studying vocabulary by utilizing a single-subject experimental design. In particular, the results of the experiment will be used to administrate the effect of thematic clustering on vocabulary learning. In addition, the post-interview will be employed to explore the attitudes and behaviors of participants who experienced thematic clustering.3 Research hypotheses The proposed hypotheses of the study are laid out as follow: H1: Students believe that studying vocabulary using thematic clustering facilitate the process of vocabulary acquisition of students rather than using unrelated clustering. H2: Studying vocabulary using thematic clustering can enhance students’ vocabulary recognition and production.
Also, the null hypotheses are hereby set out: NH1: Students believe that studying vocabulary using thematic clustering hinder the process of vocabulary acquisition of students rather than using unrelated clustering. NH2: Studying vocabulary using thematic clustering cannot enhance students’ vocabulary recognition and production.4 Significance of the study The study will be good use for several purposes. Firstly, this study benefits students who have not come up with a certain method of vocabulary learning or who want to explore different approaches of learning new words. Secondly, for course designers, textbook writers, or teachers, the results of this study can have a beneficial role for those who want to make adaptations, modifications, or even design coursebooks and textbooks using thematic or unrelated approach, as employed in this study, or a combination of both methods.
Finally, this study can be useful for future research that investigates the same issue, i., thematic clustering, within the context of Vietnam or in the context of English as a foreign language.5 Overview of the thesis chapters This study is organized into five chapters. The first chapter sets out the introduction of thematic clustering and raises fundamental points pertaining to the nature of thematic clustering in a pedagogical context, i., within vocabulary study. Chapter two provides relevant theoretical perspectives on thematic clustering and reflects empirical evidence about this field by reporting, summarizing, and analyzing past results. The next chapter deals with issues belonging to the methodology aspect of the result and accounts for the understanding of the research topic as well as the phenomenon.
Chapter four displays the findings of the study and confirms the hypotheses set out earlier. Further discussion of revolving research is also included in this chapter, including a comparison of the current findings with previous conclusions. Finally, chapter five accounts for the final conclusion of the paper, with an informative summary, limitations, and recommendations for future researchers. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter focuses on both theoretical and empirical issues related to thematic clustering, which is divided into different sections.
The first section regulates relevant theoretical perspectives including the definition, function of thematic clustering and its higher-level concept of schemata theory. This section also presents the overarching theory of the current study, which is distinctiveness hypothesis.