VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES ·¸¹º A STUDY OF LEXICAL DEVICES USED IN THE TEXTBOOK “INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS” SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TESOL LE HOÀNG LINH SUPERVISOR: ÑOà HUY THÒNH, Ph. HOCHIMINH CITY 2006 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: A STUDY OF LEXICAL DEVICES USED IN THE TEXTBOOK “INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS” In terms of the statement of Requirements for Theses & Field Study Reports in Master’s Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee. Ho Chi Minh City 2006 LE HONG LINH i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, LE HONG LINH, being the candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL), accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the University Library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the University library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for care, loan or reproduction of theses.
Ho Chi Minh City 2006 LE HONG LINH ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all my teachers at the Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh city, University of Social Sciences and Humanities for their valuable lectures, which laid the foundation for this thesis, and their knowledge, their thoughtfulness as well as their sympathy I always appreciate. I would particularly like to convey my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr Do Huy Thinh, who has given me valuable advice, kind guidance and corrections. His suggestions and recommendations were as much appreciated as his guidance and patience. I take this opportunity to thank all my colleagues at the Foreign Trade University (FTU), Branch II, Ho Chi Minh City for their help and care.
I am also indebted to all my friends who have kindly given me assistance and encouragement. Finally, thanks must go to my family, my parents, husband and my sisters and for their love and support. iii ABSTRACT This thesis is an attempt to deal with lexical cohesive devices used in Chapter Four “Business in other economies” and chapter Five “International Trade” in the textbook “International Business”, used at Foreign Trade University. The research illuminates lexical cohesive devices and furthermore the research shows an analysis of lexical cohesive devices in English in the original textbook and their equivalents in the Vietnamese translation.
This study is confined to an analysis of equivalents of lexical cohesive devices in both English and Vietnamese at the word level. The methods of description, comparison, analysis and contrast in linguistic study are used in the thesis. The data are to identify discourse devices, their frequency of occurrence used in the discourse in English, and comparison between lexical cohesive devices in the English version and in the Vietnamese one. The methods used in the thesis identify lexical similarities and differences in discourse in English and the translation in Vietnamese.
All the findings will lead to the point of improving reading skills and translation techniques for students at the Foreign Trade University. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Certificate of originality …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….i Retention and use of the thesis ………………………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iv Table of contents ………………………………….………v List of tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….x List of figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….x Abbreviations & symbols …………………………………………………………………………………………………………xi Chapter1 INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------1 1. Importance of business English……………………………………. Importance of teaching reading and translation at FTU ….
The inadequate attention to language features………………………………. Description of textbooks and syllabus for third year and fourth year students at FTU…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Objectives and overview of the thesis…………………………………………………………………….9 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW-----------------------------------------------------10 2. Viewpoints of discourse……………………………………………………………………….
Discourse and text………………………………………………………………………………………. Discussions about discourse context……………………………………………………………………. Context of situation………………………………………………………………………………………….3 Distinctions of cohesion and coherence………………………………………….4 Types of cohesion…………………………………………………………….5 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31 vi Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY--------------------------------------------------------------32 3.1 Subjects of the study.2 Method of study………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………36 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS---------------------------------------37 4.1 Data analysis and findings……………………………………………………………………………….1 An analysis of lexical cohesive devices…………………………………….1 Lexical cohesive devices in the academic discourse………….3 Contrastive analysis on lexical cohesive device…………….88 Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS------------------------89 5. Conclusions on lexical cohesive devices ……………………………………………………………….
Implications for further research…………………………………………………………………………….95 LIST OF REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……96 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Overall views – Lexical Cohesive Devices in the Academic Discourse, Absolute counts……………………………………………….2 Repetitions – Absolute Count……………………………….3 Synonyms – Absolute count……………………………………………….4 Antonyms – Absolute count………………………………………………….5 Absolute count – Overall picture – Different types of collocations, numbers of cases, and their percentages……….6 Absolute Count by Collocation combinations and Structure changes after Translation………….7 Percentage counts -Collocation combinations and types of change…………………………………………………………………………………………….79 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Percentages of Lexical cohesive devices…………………………………………………….2 Lexical cohesive devices – A breakdown by parts of speech …………………41 Figure 4.3 Repetition – Categories and Frequency of occurrence……………………….4 Repetition of Nouns- contrastive Analysis……………………………………………….5 Repetitions of other Content Words- Contrastive Analysis……………….6 Synonyms- Categories and Frequencies of Occurrence………….7 Synonyms- Contrastive Analysis…………………………………………………… ……….8 Antonyms- Frequency of Occurrence……………………………………………………….9 Percentage of N-collocations and other types………………………….77 x ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS ADJ : Adjectives ADV : Adverbs CUP : Cambridge University Press D.A : Discourse Analysis ESP : English for Special Purpose FTU : Foreign Trade University IB : International Business N : Noun NP : Noun Phrase OUP : Oxford University Press PREP : Preposition V : Verb xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. PROBLEM Nowadays, language teachers in Vietnam under the pressure of specialization are more aware of the important role of Linguistics in their career. A great deal of time and energy has been spent not only to keep up with development but also to do a lot of research on linguistics in general and discourse analysis in particular. To language teachers, it is vital to understand how textbooks are about in the light of discourse analysis, i., how language is used when designing teaching materials or guiding learners in their learning activities.
Foreign Trade University focuses on its majors namely English for Economics, Foreign Trade, International Marketing, International Business and others. Of these majors, International Business is the one both teachers and students like best. As a teacher, I realize that the textbook International Business is of great interest, and it is very useful for teaching International Business. While teaching this textbook, I am really aware of the difficulties students may be faced with; these huddles could prevent students from learning in the best way.
I happen to think of studying the book in terms of discourse analysis, i., from the -1- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION angle of cohesion and cohesive devices. Awareness of and understanding cohesive devises may turn out to be vital for students of English in improving their reading comprehension and translation. When writing or speaking, students do at times notice grammatical cohesive devices, but seem not to pay adequate attention to selecting and using proper vocabularies. It is because either their vocabularies are not rich enough or their ability to use lexical links in the concrete texts is limited.
Thus, lexical cohesion will provide students with a new way of observing how the vocabulary can be used in particular texts, thereby partly helping them to deal with their problems. This research also aims to devote a large part to looking at lexical cohesive devices used in the original version in English. In this study, I focus on the frequency of occurrence and contrastive analysis with their equivalents in the Vietnamese translation version. Thus, the two research questions are as follows: 1.
How are Lexical Cohesive Devices used in the Textbook “International Business”? 2. How are Lexical Cohesive Devices in English transferred into Vietnamese? -2- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ENGLISH The main objective of the Foreign Trade University (FTU) is to equip graduates with a background of how trading activities go and are carried out between a country and the rest of the world. FTU has earned a good reputation for teaching ESP.
Graduates from FTU are reportedly said to be good at Business English. FTU students indeed have access to a good business-learning environment. Students are always encouraged to acquire basic working knowledge of trading and a large variety of business vocabulary. Students are often given opportunities to practise four basic language skills in a business English context.
Instructional materials are selected with care, which are thus relevant to students’ level of English and the objectives to be attained at each learning stage. One of the criteria for choosing materials at the university is that it should cover both knowledge of business in theory and business in the real world. Another criterion under consideration is the English language proficiency of students. Business English is a core course for FTU students, accounting for 1,200 class hours or close to 45% of total class hours in four years.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING READING AND TRANSLATION AT FTU Reading is of paramount importance to students at FTU. At the university, students are supposed to deal with a great deal of reading comprehension; they have easy access to textbooks containing interesting reading lessons in business English. In order to help students to get updated information about business through reading texts, the English Section has introduced some latest reading textbooks such as a series of Market Leader by Bill Mascull. At FTU, students have a good chance of studying many subjects related to International Business such as Foreign Investment, Insurance in Business, Marketing, International trading techniques and so on, in order to improve and widen their knowledge; students are required to read more materials in English.
Thus, discourse and reading techniques are of great help to them. Apart from reading, translation is also no less important to students at FTU. Translation is a major part in learning English at FTU. In all English tests, there is always a translation part, this item accounts for a great proportion of the total results.
For fourth-year students, translation is one of the four tests they have to take at the final examinations. Teachers and students at FTU both do realize the importance of translation in their respective teaching and learning. -4- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION As a rule, FTU graduates will get their jobs at various workplaces, e., government offices, different ministries such as the Ministries of Trade, Finance, Planning and Investment, the State Bank, Bank for Foreign Trade, the Customs Offices, the Chamber of Commerce and Industries, import-export companies, joint ventures, foreign companies, domestic private companies and other industries, and, no doubt, reading and translation are of great significance. To get on well with their future jobs, students have to do a lot with reading comprehension.
It is really important to them as they will have to deal with such documents as letters, bills of lading, and letters of credit with their peculiar forms of both style and jargon. THE INADEQUATE ATTENTION TO LANGUAGE FEATURES Working as a teacher at FTU, I could realize that both teaching and learning processes greatly lay concrete emphasis on the knowledge of business and business activities rather than on building language skills and discourse features of ESP texts. As most teachers and students are not fully aware of the importance of language features and discourse features of ESP texts they have not thoroughly analyzed the materials in the linguistic aspect of language. -5- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION At FTU, more attention has been paid to business knowledge than to the language aspects of the materials, thus affecting deeply the way of teaching and learning English.
In order to make both teachers and students at FTU focus more on the language linguistic and discourse features of ESP texts, I attempts to analyze lexical cohesive devices and discourse features used in an academic discourse. It is hoped that this thesis may to some extent remind both lecturers and students at FTU of the importance of language theories 2.