interactive student edition i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page i (bkgd)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (t)Richard Kaylin/Getty Images, (b)G. & Vikki Hart/Getty Images i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page ii Level Red The cover shows the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. It is the primary river of the American Southwest. This forked lightning bolt shows a large static discharge between the dark clouds and the ground.
This red-eyed tree frog can be found in rain forests in South and Central America, and as far north as Mexico. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited. The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine.TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved.
Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 0-07-860049-9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071/055 09 08 07 06 05 04 (bkgd)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (t)Richard Kaylin/Getty Images, (b)G. & Vikki Hart/Getty Images i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page iii Contents In Brief Contents In Brief The Nature of Matter. 2 Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. 40 Chapter 3 Matter and Its Changes.
68 Chapter 4 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table. 96 Interactions of Matter. 126 Chapter 5 Motion, Forces, and Simple Machines. 160 Chapter 7 Electricity and Magnetism.
224 Earth’s Changing Surface. 252 Chapter 9 Rocks and Minerals. 254 Chapter 10 Forces Shaping Earth. 286 Chapter 11 Weathering and Erosion.
314 Chapter 12 The Atmosphere in Motion. 404 Chapter 14 Exploring Space. 406 Chapter 15 The Solar System and Beyond. 472 Chapter 16 Cells—The Units of Life.
474 Chapter 17 Invertebrate Animals. 496 Chapter 18 Vertebrate Animals. 528 Chapter 19 The Human Body. 558 Chapter 20 The Role of Genes in Inheritance.
588 Life and the Environment. 616 Chapter 22 Earth’s Resources. 644 i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page iv Authors Edward Ortleb Science Consultant Education Division St. Louis, MO Washington, D.
Susan Leach Snyder Alton Biggs Retired Teacher, Consultant Retired Biology Teacher Jones Middle School Allen High School Upper Arlington, OH Allen, TX Dinah Zike Lucy Daniel, PhD Educational Consultant Teacher/Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc. Rutherford County Schools San Antonio, TX Rutherfordton, NC Ralph M., PhD Assistant Professor Geoscience Department Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana, PA Series Consultants CONTENT Alton J. Banks, PhD Michael A. Hoggarth, PhD Linda McGaw Director of the Faculty Center Department of Life and Science Program Coordinator for Teaching and Learning Earth Sciences Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc.
North Carolina State University Otterbein College Dallas, TX Raleigh, NC Westerville, OH Madelaine Meek Jack Cooper Jerome A. Jackson, PhD Physics Consultant Editor Ennis High School Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Lebanon, OH Ennis, TX Program Director Center for Science, Mathematics, Robert Nierste Sandra K. Enger, PhD and Technology Education Science Department Head Associate Director, Florida Gulf Coast University Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Associate Professor Fort Meyers, FL Plano, TX UAH Institute for Science Education Huntsville, AL William C. Keel, PhD Connie Rizzo, MD, PhD Department of Physics Depatment of Science/Math David G.
Haase, PhD and Astronomy Marymount Manhattan College North Carolina State University University of Alabama New York, NY Raleigh, NC Tuscaloosa, AL iv i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page v Dominic Salinas, PhD READING SAFETY Middle School Science Supervisor Caddo Parish Schools Elizabeth Babich Aileen Duc, PhD Shreveport, LA Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher Mashpee Public Schools Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Cheryl Wistrom Mashpee, MA Plano, TX St. Joseph’s College Rensselaer, IN Barry Barto Sandra West, PhD Special Education Teacher Department of Biology Carl Zorn, PhD John F. Kennedy Elementary Texas State University-San Marcos Staff Scientist Manistee, MI San Marcos, TX Jefferson Laboratory Newport News, VA Carol A. Senf, PhD ACTIVITY TESTERS School of Literature, MATH Communication, and Culture Nerma Coats Henderson Georgia Institute of Technology Pickerington Lakeview Jr.
High Michael Hopper, DEng Atlanta, GA School Manager of Aircraft Certification Pickerington, OH L-3 Communications Rachel Swaters-Kissinger Greenville, TX Science Teacher Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka John Boise Middle School William D. Slider Middle School Teri Willard, EdD Warsaw, MO El Paso, TX Mathematics Curriculum Writer Belgrade, MT Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories Tonawanda, NY Reviewers Deidre Adams William Blair Karen Curry West Vigo Middle School Retired Teacher East Wake Middle School West Terre Haute, IN J. Marshall Middle School Raleigh, NC Billerica, MA Merrilville, IN Sharla Adams IPC Teacher Tom Bright Joanne Davis Allen High School Concord High School Murphy High School Allen, TX Charlotte, NC Murphy, NC Maureen Barrett Lois Burdette Robin Dillon Thomas E. Harrington Middle School Green Bank Elementary-Middle Hanover Central High School Mt.
Laurel, NJ School Cedar Lake, IN Green Bank, WV John Barry Seeger Jr. High School Marcia Chackan West Lebanon, IN Pine Crest School Boca Raton, FL Desiree Bishop Environmental Studies Center Obioma Chukwu Mobile County Public Schools J. Rose High School Mobile, AL Greenville, NC v i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page vi Anthony J. Michael Mansour Joanne Stickney 8th Grade Science Board Member Monticello Middle School Octorana Middle School National Middle Level Science Monticello, NY Atglen, PA Teacher’s Association John Page Middle School Dee Stout Sandra Everhart Madison Heights, MI Penn State University Dauphin/Enterprise Jr.
High Schools University Park, PA Enterprise, AL Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka William D. Slider Middle School Darcy Vetro-Ravndal Mary Ferneau El Paso, TX Hillsborough High School Westview Middle School Tampa, FL Goose Creek, SC Michelle Mazeika Whiting Middle School Karen Watkins Cory Fish Whiting, IN Perry Meridian Middle School Burkholder Middle School Indianapolis, IN Henderson, NV Joe McConnell Speedway Jr. High School Clabe Webb Linda V. Forsyth Indianapolis, IN Permian High School Retired Teacher Ector County ISD Merrill Middle School Sharon Mitchell Odessa, TX Denver, CO William D.
Slider Middle School El Paso, TX Alison Welch George Gabb William D. Slider Middle School Great Bridge Middle School El Paso, TX Amy Morgan Chesapeake Public Schools Berry Middle School Chesapeake, VA Kim Wimpey Hoover, AL North Gwinnett High School Annette D’Urso Garcia Suwanee, GA Kearney Middle School Norma Neely, EdD Associate Director for Regional Kate Ziegler Commerce City, CO Projects Durant Road Middle School Nerma Coats Henderson Texas Rural Systemic Initiative Raleigh, NC Pickerington Lakeview Jr. Austin, TX High School Pickerington, OH Annette Parrott Lakeside High School Lynne Huskey Atlanta, GA Chase Middle School Forest City, NC Nora M. Prestinari Burchett Saint Luke School Maria E.
Kelly McLean, VA Principal Nativity School Mark Sailer Catholic Diocese of Arlington Pioneer Jr. High School Burke, VA Royal Center, IN vi i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page vii Teacher Advisory Board T he Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the development of the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science Level Red. John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School Tucson, AZ Pickerington, OH Fort Worth, TX Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey Aptakisic Jr.
High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr. High School Buffalo Grove, IL Springfield, OR Navasota, TX Roger Pratt Jeff Remington Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School Manistique, MI Palmyra, PA Kirtina Hile Erin Peters Northmor Jr. High/High School Williamsburg Middle School Galion, OH Arlington, VA Student Advisory Board T he Student Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the design of the Student Edition. We thank these students for their hard work and creative suggestions in making the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science Level Red student friendly.
Jack Andrews Addison Owen Reynoldsburg Jr. High School Davis Middle School Reynoldsburg, OH Dublin, OH Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School Upper Arlington, OH Columbus, OH Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School Worthington, OH Dublin, OH Kirsty Bateman Hilliard Heritage Middle School Hilliard, OH Andre Brown Spanish Emersion Academy Columbus, OH Chris Dundon Heritage Middle School Westerville, OH The Glencoe middle school science Student Ryan Manafee Monroe Middle School Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI, Columbus, OH a science museum in Columbus, Ohio. vii Aaron Haupt i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page viii John Evans Why do I need my science book? Have you ever been in class and Before You Read not understood all of what was ● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you, presented? Or, you understood and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the everything in class, but at home, science you will be learning about. The Chapter got stuck on how to answer a Preview will give you an idea of what you will be question? Maybe you just learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to wondered when you were ever help get your brain headed in the right direction.
The going to use this stuff? Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized. ● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four These next few pages sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first are designed to help you page of each section will let you know what is most understand everything your important in the section. It is divided into four parts.
science book can be used What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you for. besides a paperweight! will be covering. Why It’s Important will remind you why you are studying this in the first place! The Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know, either from your science studies or your prior knowl- edge. The New Vocabulary words are words that you need to learn to understand this section.
These words will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the section. Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you are reading the section. i-001-RED-FM-860049_G6_NA 8/13/04 4:45 PM Page ix Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter. STEP 1 Fold a vertical As You Read sheet of notebook paper from side to ● Headings Each section has a title side.
in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and STEP 2 Cut along every third line of only the small red titles at the begin- top layer to form tabs. nings of some paragraphs. To help you study, make an outline of the headings and subheadings. ● Margins In the margins of STEP 3 Label each tab with a vocabulary your text, you will find many helpful (t)PhotoDisc, (b)John Evans word from the chapter.
The Science Online exercises and Integrate activities help you explore the topics you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the sci- ence concepts you have learned. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn ● Building Skills You also will find an the definitions, write them under the tab for Applying Math or Applying Science activity each vocabulary word.
in each chapter. This gives you extra prac- tice using your new knowledge, and helps prepare you for standardized tests. ● Student Resources At the end of the book you will find Student Resources to help you throughout your studies. These include Science, Technology, and Math Skill Hand- books, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an Index.
Also, use your Foldables as a resource. It will help you organize information, and review before a test.
