VIETNAM NATIONAL UNTYERSITY, ITANOT UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUTIES: FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES 3 Ciwe ‘TRAN TH] KHUONG LIEN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL SUBSTITUTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CONVERSATION (Phân tích dỗi chiếu phép thế đanh tir trong ngôn bản hội thoại tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt) MINOR PROGRAXI THESIS Kicld: English Linguistics Code: 60.15 Hanoi, 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ca Ox TRAN TIT KITUONG LIEN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL SUBSTITUTLON LN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CONVERSATION ( Phân tích đối chiếu phép thể đanh từ trong ngôn bản hội thoại tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt) MINOR PROGRAM TH Ficld: English Linguistics Code: 60.15 Supervisor: Nguyen Huyen Minh, M.A Hanoi, 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. ABSTRAC! TABLE OFCONTEN ABBREVIATIONS. 1, Rationale of the study. Aims and objectives of the study.
Scope of the study 4. Methodology of the study. Organization of the study. The theories of discourse.
The concept of discourse L. Discourse and Sentence 1. Discourse and T@XL. Spoken and Written Discourse 1.
The theories of conversation. The concep! of conversation 1. Why is Conversation Analysis important. The concep† of cohesion.
aeeeneee - Tam going to deal with nominal substitution occured in the written transcription of this conversation, nol in a Lape —recarded conversation. Metharlology of the sludy Since the main purpose of the study is lo contrast nominal substitution in English conversation and Vietnamese conversation, the result of which will be exploited for language leaming and teaching, CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS (C.A) is used as the major method of the study. I will take English language as the base language and Vietnamese as the comparative language. Besides, systemization and generalization are also used as sub-methods to support C.
Thus, in ths comparative analysis of examples in both English and Vietnamese, translation is the main technique given to highlight the similarities (or differences) in the nominal substilution in the (wo languages. During the proc of comparison, the Thay arise cases where some nominal substilution occurs only in Vietnamese, but can hardly be found in English discourse. To deal with these cases, I shall give out literal translation of the cxesuples for the sake of highlighting dhe similarities (or differences) in the nominal substitution in the two languages. to be effective and persuasive, I mainly take notice of two levels of translation: semantic and pragmatic.
‘The illustrating material in the thesis is authentic examples. ‘They are taken from a wide variety of sources in English and Vietnamese: modem novels, modern short stories as well as data sources ftom ebook and so on. Some examples are drawn from grammar books in English and Vietnamese. 1 bal nol Teast, discnssions wilh my supervisor and colleagucs, parsonal teaching experience are also the greal.
contribution to the sludy. Orgunizatian of the stuily As for the design of the study, it is composed of three main parts as follows Part A is Introduction, which presents the rationale, the aims, the scope, and the methods of the study as well as the organization of the study. Part B is the DEVELOPMENT, which consists of two chapters. Chapter 1 shows the theoretical background of basic and necessary notions that are related ta nominal substitution and conversation discourse.
‘These issues are made clear on the basis of the generalization of different linguists’ viewpoints. In Chapter 2 which is the focus of my study | conduct my contrastive analysis of nominal substitution in English and Vietnanese conversation in order lo provide learners with the competence iu understanding and using effectively the language of conversation. Part C the Conclusion represents the review of the study with concluding remarks and suggestions for further study. vil Symbols and Abbreviations CA.
Cantrastive Analysis CA Conversation analysis DA Discourse Analysis Ns Nominal Substitution Ø@ — Objec! P Predicate S Subject o Without Numeratives ~ Substitute for Lists of tables Table 1.1: Type of Cohesion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion ‘Table 2: Lnglish personal pronouns Table 3: The English third person pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Table 4: The English possessive pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Vable 5: ‘The substitute one/ones and their Vieinamese equivalents Table 6: The indefinite onc/some and ils Vienamesc oquivalenls, ‘Table 7: Do the same and the Vietnamese equivalent Table &: linking verb plus the sane and their Vieinamese equivalents PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale The history of linguistics has seen the everlasting development of different approaches to linguistics and language teaching, each of which defines its own tasks, scopes and objectives. Traditionally, linguists have been conecmed with the phonological, lexical and syntactical features and studied sentences which are preferably taken out of context, Resides, the focus of traditional practice of language leaching and learning has been on the analysis of single senlanees, normally al the levels of phonology, vocabulary and grammar, Later, with the view that incomplete sentences can still make sense when occuring in some particular context, according to (Cook 1989: ix) complete understanding of stretches of language can only be cblained if they are considered “in their full textual, social and psychological context” linguists have shifted their attention from complete sentences to discourse In common with coherences, echesion takes an active role in building up discoursc, in general, and of couse, conversation as @ genre of discourse, in particular. Truly, Halliday and Hasan (1976) make a detailed classification of the cohesive devices in English.
These aulhors distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion. According to them, grammatical cohesion embraces four different devices: reference, ellipsis, substitution and lexical. In Vietnam, it seems that all the issues related fo substitution especially Nominal substilution in conversation are still in fimited exploration. Tt is casy to find thal substitution in Vietnamese is still a concept which has bean needed receive much Vietnamese researchers” exploration, Searching for the study of substitution, we only can see in Tran Ngoc Thern’s work (1985), more reeently, Diep Quang Ban's (1998).
These authors’ effort seems to be made to give a very general and basic concept of substitution as well as types of it in Vietnamese. Thus, we might wonder whether substitution, and within the minor thesis, nominal substitution actually works in Viemamese conversation. Furthermore, in recent years, reference, ellipsis, and lexical have been closely studied in contrastive with Vietnamese, within the framework of minor thesis a careful and profound study of English and Vietnamese nominal substitution is, theoretically speaking, equally important and necessary, Because of the above mentioned reasons, my final thesis entitled: “Contrastive analysis of nominal substitution in English and Viemamese conversation”. I do hope that this - Tam going to deal with nominal substitution occured in the written transcription of this conversation, nol in a Lape —recarded conversation.
Metharlology of the sludy Since the main purpose of the study is lo contrast nominal substitution in English conversation and Vietnamese conversation, the result of which will be exploited for language leaming and teaching, CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS (C.A) is used as the major method of the study. I will take English language as the base language and Vietnamese as the comparative language. Besides, systemization and generalization are also used as sub-methods to support C. Thus, in ths comparative analysis of examples in both English and Vietnamese, translation is the main technique given to highlight the similarities (or differences) in the nominal substilution in the (wo languages.
During the proc of comparison, the Thay arise cases where some nominal substilution occurs only in Vietnamese, but can hardly be found in English discourse. To deal with these cases, I shall give out literal translation of the cxesuples for the sake of highlighting dhe similarities (or differences) in the nominal substitution in the two languages. to be effective and persuasive, I mainly take notice of two levels of translation: semantic and pragmatic. ‘The illustrating material in the thesis is authentic examples.
‘They are taken from a wide variety of sources in English and Vietnamese: modem novels, modern short stories as well as data sources ftom ebook and so on. Some examples are drawn from grammar books in English and Vietnamese. 1 bal nol Teast, discnssions wilh my supervisor and colleagucs, parsonal teaching experience are also the greal. contribution to the sludy.
Orgunizatian of the stuily As for the design of the study, it is composed of three main parts as follows Part A is Introduction, which presents the rationale, the aims, the scope, and the methods of the study as well as the organization of the study. Part B is the DEVELOPMENT, which consists of two chapters. Chapter 1 shows the theoretical background of basic and necessary notions that are related ta nominal substitution and conversation discourse. ‘These issues are made clear on the basis of the generalization of different linguists’ viewpoints.
In Chapter 2 which is the focus of my study | conduct my contrastive analysis of nominal substitution in English and Vietnanese conversation in order lo provide learners with the competence iu understanding and using effectively the language of conversation. Part C the Conclusion represents the review of the study with concluding remarks and suggestions for further study. vil Symbols and Abbreviations CA. Cantrastive Analysis CA Conversation analysis DA Discourse Analysis Ns Nominal Substitution Ø@ — Objec! P Predicate S Subject o Without Numeratives ~ Substitute for Lists of tables Table 1.1: Type of Cohesion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion ‘Table 2: Lnglish personal pronouns Table 3: The English third person pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Table 4: The English possessive pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Vable 5: ‘The substitute one/ones and their Vieinamese equivalents Table 6: The indefinite onc/some and ils Vienamesc oquivalenls, ‘Table 7: Do the same and the Vietnamese equivalent Table &: linking verb plus the sane and their Vieinamese equivalents vil Symbols and Abbreviations CA.
Cantrastive Analysis CA Conversation analysis DA Discourse Analysis Ns Nominal Substitution Ø@ — Objec! P Predicate S Subject o Without Numeratives ~ Substitute for Lists of tables Table 1.1: Type of Cohesion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion ‘Table 2: Lnglish personal pronouns Table 3: The English third person pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Table 4: The English possessive pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Vable 5: ‘The substitute one/ones and their Vieinamese equivalents Table 6: The indefinite onc/some and ils Vienamesc oquivalenls, ‘Table 7: Do the same and the Vietnamese equivalent Table &: linking verb plus the sane and their Vieinamese equivalents vil Symbols and Abbreviations CA. Cantrastive Analysis CA Conversation analysis DA Discourse Analysis Ns Nominal Substitution Ø@ — Objec! P Predicate S Subject o Without Numeratives ~ Substitute for Lists of tables Table 1.1: Type of Cohesion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion ‘Table 2: Lnglish personal pronouns Table 3: The English third person pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Table 4: The English possessive pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalent ‘Vable 5: ‘The substitute one/ones and their Vieinamese equivalents Table 6: The indefinite onc/some and ils Vienamesc oquivalenls, ‘Table 7: Do the same and the Vietnamese equivalent Table &: linking verb plus the sane and their Vieinamese equivalents PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1. The theories of discourse 1. The concept of discourse IL dogs nol sccm rational to use the Isrrt “serdeneo' in comnmumicalion.
‘The analysis on senlenee had beon focused until the beginning of 1950s by linguistics. But in 1952, a famous linguist Zellig Ilarris, one of the earliest discourse analysts, published an arhcle entilled “Discourse Analysis” in Language Magacine. He stated a new opinion exp ng thal tie most complete unit of language is đỉscoursc, nol a senlence. Obviously, it is impossible to make the language in use exist in isolation from its users and the context in which it is being used if you want to achieve successful communication.
Therefore, the conccpt of discowse has becn paid considerable attention to by several linguists since 1952. ‘The most straightforward definition of discourse is the one often found in textbooks for siudents of tinguistics: “Language alove the senlence” (Carneron 2001: 10).