MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TẠ THỊ PHƯỞNG LANGUAGE OF ARGUMENTS USED IN THE SAMPLE SPEAKING PERFORMANCE OF TOEFL IBT Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: NGŨ THIỆN HÙNG, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TẠ THỊ PHƯỞNG NGÔN NGỮ TRANH LUẬN SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC BÀI NÓI MẪU CỦA TOEFL IBT Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS. NGŨ THIỆN HÙNG i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify my authorship that the Master thesis entitled “Language of arguments used in the sample speaking performance of TOEFL iBT” is entirely the result of my own research, except where otherwise referenced or acknowledged. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or diploma at any other institutions. Binh Dinh, 2020 Tạ Thị Phưởng ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Ngu Thien Hung for his patience, encouragement, valuable guidance and beneficial criticism throughout my research. Without his great support, this thesis would not have been accomplished in time. I am extremely grateful to all my lecturers who provided us with essential knowledge for this thesis. Special thanks goes to my classmates who gave me their help during the time I conducted the study.
I would like to thank my school-board, my colleagues who spent their golden time encouraging me to do this thesis. Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my family, especially my parents and my husband who gave me unconditioned love and support, which is very significant for me to fulfill this work. iii ABSTRACT This study aims to examine types and linguistic features of arguments in the speaking samples of TOEFL iBT test in order to help learners of TOEFL iBT have a better insight in studying this kind of language. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is applied to seek descriptive information of language of arguments.
Eighty speaking samples containing arguments collected aims at identifying arguments’ types and linguistic features of this kind of language. The results reveals that both inductive and deductive arguments are employed in the TOEFL iBT speaking test. In terms of semantic features, six process types are found in the arguments used by the test takers. In terms of syntactic features, premises and conclusion of arguments are absolutely dominated by Declarative mood with the subject-finite position to indicate the role of the test takers and the readers/listeners.
Regarding the use of clause types in terms of syntactic features, the findings show that different types of clauses are employed by the test takers with different rates. It is hoped that the results of this study will provide useful knowledge of arguments in TOEFL iBT speaking and contribute to the teaching and learning of TOEFL iBT, especially for those who are interested in this kind of language. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. vii LIST OF TABLES. viii LIST OF FIGURES. AIM AND OBJECTIVES.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY. Definition of argument.
Classification of argument. TOEFL IBT TEST. SEMANTIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE OF ARGUMENTS. SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE OF ARGUMENTS.
PREVIOUS STUDIES RELATED TO THE STUDY. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES. Method of sampling. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. TYPES OF ARGUMENTS. SEMANTIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE OF ARGUMENTS. Semantic features of premises.
Semantic features of conclusion. SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE OF ARGUMENTS. Syntactic features of premises. Syntactic features of conclusion.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH. 5 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A: Adjunct Accom: Accompaniment AdjG: Adjective Group C: Compliment Cir: Circumstance Cloc: Locative Compliment Co: Object Compliment Cs: Subject Compliment F: Finite NG: Nominal Group O: Object Od: Direct Object Oi: Indirect Object Op: Prepositional Object P: Predicator Pro: Process S: Subject Sub: Subordinate clause viii LIST OF TABLES Number Tables Page 2.1 Frequency of occurrence of type of arguments 27 4.2 Frequency of occurrence of process types of premises 38 4.3 Summary of processes found in premises 47 4.4 Frequency of occurrence of process types of conclusion 48 4.5 Summary of processes found in conclusion 52 4.6 The percentage of mood type in arguments 53 4.7 Summary of basic clause types and syntactic patterns of 67 the clause expressing premises 4.8 Frequency of occurrence of clause types in conclusion 68 4.9 Summary of basic clause types and syntactic patterns of 72 the clause expressing conclusion ix LIST OF FIGURES Number Figures Page 4.1 Types of arguments in independent tasks and integrated 28 tasks 4.2 Frequency of occurrence of clause types in premises 54 1 CHAPTER 1. RATIONALE English can be seen as the most widely language because people use English every part of the world.
English is used for different purposes such as communicating, applying for a job in a foreign company or enrolling in an English-speaking university. For the assessment of their English proficiency, learners need to be recognized with the standardized tests such as TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication), IELTS (International English Language Test System) or TOEFL iBT (Test of English as a Foreign Language, internet -Based Test). As we all know, TOEFL iBT is one of the major English- language tests that are widely used by many employers and universities around the world to assess the language skills of non-native speakers. The TOEFL iBT consists of four sections: reading, listening, speaking and writing.
While questions in the reading and listening TOEFL iBT test are all multiple-choice, tasks in speaking and writing sections are known as constructive tasks because it requires learners’ argumentation in their performances. According to Carnagey and Esenwein (1915), “argumentation is the process of producing conviction by means of reasoning”. It is “a set of arguments used to explain something or to persuade people” (Cambridge dictionary). Besides writing, speaking is the other skill that need speaker’s good argumentation.
In order to deal with tasks in speaking section, the test takers need to use well-structured and persuasive arguments to give opinions in independent tasks and show how they solve problems arising from the integrated tasks. It is obvious that a successful performance of TOEFL iBT speaking test depends on the language of arguments used in the performance. Thanks to arguments, the ideas presented by the test takers are more cogent and persuasive. 2 It can be seen that the issues of arguments have been focused on different aspects by different scholars such as Weston (2017), Stirling (2009) and Swatridge (2014).
Studies of some linguistic features of different skills of TOEFL iBT have also been conducted. However, little has been written about issues related to the language of arguments used in speaking performance of TOEFL iBT. Thus, there is still rooms for the exploration and description of this kind of language. By analyzing the language of arguments, we will understand deeply about the structure and meaning of language so that learners can have the knowledge of using arguments effectively in giving opinions.
For the above reasons, I decide to conduct a study with the title “Language of arguments used in the sample speaking performance of TOEFL iBT” to shed light on the linguistic features of this kind of language. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1. Aim This study aims at examining arguments’ types and linguistic features of language of arguments in the sample speaking performance of TOEFL iBT and providing the learners as potential test takers with an insight into the use of arguments in expressing opinions in a TOEFL iBT speaking test. Objectives To achieve the aim of the study, the following objectives are intended: - To identify types of arguments used in the TOEFL iBT speaking sample; - To examine linguistics features of language of arguments in terms of syntactic and semantic features; - To propose some suggestions for English learners for better understanding of arguments as well as for further studies.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS To achieve the aims and objectives mentioned above, the research attempts to answer the following questions: 1) What kinds of arguments are used in the sample speaking performance of TOEFL iBT? 2) What are the semantic features of arguments used in the sample speaking performance of TOEFL iBT? 3) What are the syntactic features of arguments used in the sample speaking performance of TOEFL iBT? 1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The focus of the study is mainly on the analysis of language used in arguments in the TOEFL iBT speaking samples. This study describes and discusses types of arguments basing on the framework of Bassham et al. (2010) and syntactic and semantic features of language of arguments basing on Downing and Locke’s (2006) framework, which is the mixture of traditional English grammar and functional linguistics.
Eighty speaking samples containing arguments used for analysis are selected from the TOEFL iBT books as well as from websites for learning TOEFL iBT. In the study, only arguments collected from the speaking samples are analyzed. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The results of this study are expected to contribute to the knowledge about language of arguments and provide the learners as the potential test takers a better insight into the language of arguments used in the TOEFL iBT speaking test. More specifically, the study provides arguments’ types used by the learners as well as semantic and syntactic structures that are commonly used in the TOEFL iBT speaking test.
4 In addition, the result of the study can be used as a reference for further researchers who want to explore this kind of language. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This study is divided into 5 chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction - presents the background information of the study; consisting the rationale of the study, the aim and objectives, research questions, scope of the study, the significance and organization of the study. Chapter 2: Literature review- presents the overview of the TOEFL iBT test and presents theoretical background related to arguments that supports the study. In addition, previous studies related to the topic are also mentioned in the study.
Chapter 3: Research methods and Procedures- presents the research methods employed in the study, research procedures, data collection and data analysis. Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion – identifies and analyzes types and linguistic features of language of arguments, analyzes semantic and syntactic features of arguments found in the TOEFL iBT speaking test and then discusses the results from the analysis. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications - summarizes the main points of the study and suggests some implications for the learners as well as for further studies. Some limitations are also presented in this chapter.
LITERATURE REVIEW The chapter provides a theoretical background of the study and reviews previous researches related to the study. Definition of argument Argument, a term used in Critical Thinking, is a set of statements in which a claim is defended with reasons (Bassham et al. Having the same view point, Weston (2017) also states that “arguments are efforts to support certain views with reasons”. More specifically, Bassham et al.
A premise is a statement in an argument that provides evidence or reasons to support the conclusion. There can be one or many premises in an argument. A conclusion is the statement in an argument that the premises are intended to support. The conclusion is exactly what the argument is trying to prove.
There can be only one conclusion in an argument. In order to identify the argument, we have to recognize the premises and conclusion.4) propose a strategy to identify the conclusion by asking yourself what the author of the argument is trying to convince you to believe. The strategy to find out the premises is asking what reasons the author gives to try to convince you. Furthermore, the assistance of indicators is also a good way to identify the argument and its parts.