VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ THÙY LINH A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY ON EXPRESSING SATISFACTION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU GIAO THOA VĂN HÓA VIỆT- MỸ TRONG CÁCH THỨC DIỄN TẢ SỰ HÀI LÕNG) M. MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.15 Hanoi, 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDY NGUYỄN THỊ THÙY LINH A CROSS- CULTURAL STUDY ON EXPRESSING SATISFACTION IN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU GIAO THOA VĂN HÓA VIỆT- MỸ TRONG CÁCH THỨC DIỄN TẢ SỰ HÀI LÕNG) M. MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.15 Supervisor: Huỳnh Anh Tuấn, PhD Hanoi, 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I certify that this thesis entitled: “A cross- cultural study on expressing satisfaction in American English and Vietnamese”, which is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, is the result of my own work. I have provided fully documented references to the work of others.
The material in this thesis has not been submitted for any other formal course of study. Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh Hanoi, 2013 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Huynh Anh Tuan, PhD, my supervisor, for his valuable guidance, his instructive comments and his dutiful supervision, without which this thesis would be far from completed. I would also like to give my sincere gratitude to all of the lecturers at HULIS- VNU, Hanoi for their scholarly knowledge, experience, and enthusiasm in their lectures.
During the process of implementing the research, they have created the favorable conditions for me, not only in terms of accessing to essential materials but also by the heart-warming encouragement. I also take this opportunity to express my immense thankfulness to my friends and classmates, who have always stayed by my side, given me constructive comments and perked me up every time I need. Particularly I want to say a special thanks to two friends of mine, who are all living and studying in the U. for their invaluable help in distributing the survey questionnaire.
They are Le Huong Ly and Nguyen Thi Lien Huong. I cannot forget to acknowledge the important contributions of both Vietnamese and American informants, whose names cannot be mentioned in the thesis. Finally, I would like to express my enormous debt to my parents for their continual encouragement and immeasurable support. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Based on the theoretical background of cross- cultural communication, this study aims at investigating the similarities and differences in expressing satisfaction towards different co- interactants in the Vietnamese and American language and culture.
It focuses primarily on: The popularity of strategies of expressing satisfaction employed The use of directness and indirectness in expressing satisfaction To succeed in doing such a research, the author of the study takes informants’ social parameters such as age, sex, marital status, living area, and knowledge of foreign language(s) into consideration. Besides, their survey responses are carefully analyzed to build a frame, a common set of strategies in the field. The conclusion is drawn from data analysis and findings are presented and compared in a brief and concise way. Some common expressing satisfaction patterns in both Vietnamese and American cultures from the data are also presented and illustrated with the hope of partially helping avoid cultural conflicts or communicating breakdowns.
iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1:The five general functions of speech acts (Yule) Table 2: Number of informants with their status parameters Table 3:D-ID in the situations under study (in Vietnamese) Table 4: Use of D-ID as seen from Vietnamese communicating partners‟ parameters Table 5:D-ID in the situations under study (in American) Table 6:Use of D-ID as seen from American communicating partners‟ parameters Table 7:Use of D-ID as seen from Vietnamese informants‟ parameters Table 8:Use of D-ID as seen from American informants‟ parameters Table 9:Use of strategies as seen from Vietnamese communicating partners‟ parameters Table 10:Use of strategies as seen from American communicating partners‟ parameters Figure 1: Ferrando‟s diagram of culture Figure 2: Nguyen Quang‟s diagram of components of communication Figure 3: Areas of language knowledge (Bachman and Palmer, 1996:68) Figure 4:: Bach and Harnish‟s classification of speech acts (1979) Figure 5 : Possible strategies for doing FTAs Figure 6: Nguyen Quang‟s schema of possible strategies for doing FTAs Figure 7: Kaplan‟s diagram iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Aims of the study. Scope of the study. Methods of the study.
Design of the study. 3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical background and literature review. Culture and communication. Culture- communication correlation.
Cross- cultural communication. Cross- cultural pragmatics. The notion of speech acts. Classification of speech acts.
Expressing satisfaction as a speech acts. Face and politeness. Positive politeness strategies. Negative politeness strategies.
33 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Directness and indirectness. Directness and indirectness defined. Levels of indirectness.
Directness and indirectness in correlation with politeness. Social factors influencing the use of directness and indirectness in human interaction. Data collection instruments. Data collection and analysis method.
47 Chapter 3: Data analysis: Findings and discussion. Data analysis of D- ID in expressing satisfaction. D-ID strategies in expressing satisfaction. Use of D- ID as seen from communicating partners’ parameters.
Similarities and differences. Use of D-ID as seen from informants’ parameters. Similarities and differences. Data analysis of strategies in expressing satisfaction (SES).
Strategies in expressing satisfaction. Realization of SESs in Vietnamese. Realization of SESs in Vietnamese as seen from co- interactants’ parameters. Realization of SESs in Vietnamese as seen from informants’ parameters.
Realization of SESs in English. 76 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Realization of SESs in English as seen from co- interactants’ parameter. Realization of SESs in English as seen from informants’ parameters.
Similarities and differences. Summary of the study. Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further study.
I vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale With the great speed of developing and expanding, English has emerged as the most powerful international language all over the world. Starting from its use gradually turning into colossal, plus the characteristics of convenience, English on those days can be said to be the “golden key to every door”. In the Vietnamese context, as a result of the open policies and a lot of encouragement and support from society, the needs of learning English have also been magnified.
However, for the sake of examination, the real purpose of learning English has been somehow distorted. A long time ago, the method of English teaching at school was Grammar- Translation Method with the stress on grammatical points. Up till now, thanks to the attentive researches from language teachers and educators, the pendulum of English language teaching has swung to communicative approach. Acquiring a new language means a lot more than the manipulation of syntax and lexicon.
Language is not just a system of sounds, words and grammatical structures in isolation, yet it is seen as a system of communication existing in a community. The goal of language teaching is, therefore assumed to be learners’ ability to communicate in the target language. As a matter of fact, to attain the good command of communication, culture learning apparently becomes indispensable. Brembeck (1977) noted that, “To know another‟s language and not his culture is a way to make a fluent fool of oneself”.
It is the same in the case of teaching and learning English. In order to help learners achieve communicative competence, we have to pay close attention to culture awareness and acquisition. That dialectical connection has always been a concern of researchers and from time to time it has received more and more agreement. Thomas (1983) states that the lack of socio linguistic competence results in rudeness, miscommunication or even communication breakdown because non - native speakers’ inappropriate use of cultural norms and conventions are considered 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com as manifestation of “impoliteness or unfriendliness” due to “boorishness or ill will” rather than lack of pragmatic knowledge.
Accordingly, culture learning no longer remains humble and unnecessary in the syllabus. In contrast, it needs to be taken in great consideration and concentration. Succeeding this point of view, Nguyen Quang (1998) came to the conclusion that, “One cannot master a language without profound awareness of its cultural background and in both verbal and non-verbal communication, culture makes itself strongly felt.” A learner can truly master English only when he is able to hold a good understanding of the intertwined relationship between culture and language. Recognizing the intertwined relationship between culture and language, the researcher would like to carry out a small-scale study on Expressing satisfaction as a speech act, which is viewed in the light of Politeness (Positive politeness- negative politeness) in English and Vietnamese.
Due to the limit of the paper, she would not be able to deal with all aspects but draw some differences and similarities in expressing satisfaction in the two languages. It is hoped that the study may contribute some help to learners to avoid culture shock and failures in expressing satisfaction as well as in inter-cultural communication. Aims of the study The study focuses to achieve the following aims: - To have a thorough examination in the similarities and differences in directness and indirectness strategies of expressing satisfaction by Vietnamese and English informants, whereby to find out some similarities and differences in politeness strategies of expressing satisfaction in English and Vietnamese. - to find out factors that affects the choice of politeness strategies when expressing satisfaction in English and Vietnamese.
- to raise awareness of cross-cultural factors in expressing satisfaction and help learners of English avoid cultural shock in -cultural communication. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Scope of the study The paper investigates expressing satisfaction as a speech act in English and Vietnamese. Expressing satisfaction will be analyzed in accordance with verbal cues.
And the study focuses on the dimension of Politeness (Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness), as well as Directness- Indirectness. Due to the limitation of time and material, the study only concentrates on investigating strategies of expressing satisfaction in English and Vietnamese in some certain situations together with some typical socio- cultural factors among various ones governing the choice of politeness strategies. Besides, the number of informants is limited: 30 informants from the U.S and 30 informants from Vietnam (Northern Vietnam). Methods of the study Within the length of this study, quantitative method will be primarily deployed.
Qualitative remarks, assumptions and conclusions of the study will be mainly based on the quantitative contrastive analysis of data. With a view to the data collection methods, the one and only tool that helps the researcher get hold of the statistics and responses is questionnaires. Specifically, there are two questionnaires delivered to Vietnamese and American informants, one is Metapragmatic Questionnaire (MPQ) and another is Discourse Completion Task (DCT). One one hand, MPQ is designed to test the validity and reliability of 12 situations in 3 activity areas: at home, at work and in public places.
On the other hand, DCT which was logically and emperically valiadated before it is used as a data collection instrument is employed as the tool to analyze negative and positive strategies as well as the use of directness/ indirectness in some certain situations.