THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRAN THI THUY AN AN INVESTIGATION ON PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN VIETNAMESE EFL REFUSALS (Nghiên cứu sự chuyển đổi về ngữ dụng học trong cách nói từ chối của sinh viên Việt Nam) M. THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 THAI NGUYEN – 2018 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRAN THI THUY AN AN INVESTIGATION ON PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN VIETNAMESE EFL REFUSALS (Nghiên cứu sự chuyển đổi về ngữ dụng học trong cách nói từ chối của sinh viên Việt Nam) M. THESIS (APPLICATION ORIENTATION) Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Dr. Duong Duc Minh THAI NGUYEN – 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep thanks to people who have assisted me when I carried out the research.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Duong Duc Minh for his encouragement and guidance throughout the research who gave me his precious comments, expert advice and most of his kind encouragement during my doing research. Also, I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to all of the lecturers and the staff of the Department of Post-Graduate Studies at School of Foreign Languages, Thai Nguyen University for their valuable lectures and supports. I am greatly indebted to my colleagues and students at Thai Nguyen College of Education, Thai Nguyen School of Foreign Languages, University of Wollongong, Australia for their enthusiasm, helpfulness, care and patience towards my data collection which grant great contributions for my thesis.
Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to my parents, my husband and other members in my family for their love, care, support and encouragement so that I could accomplish my study. i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare the thesis entitled An Investigation on Pragmatic Transfer in Vietnamese EFL Refusals is the result of my own research for the Degree of Master of Arts at the School of Foreign Languages - Thai Nguyen University and this thesis is in total fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Arts. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree and any other university or institution. Signed Date ii ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to investigate similarities and differences in the speech acts of refusals among native Vietnamese speakers (NVs), Australian native speakers of English (NEs), and Vietnamese learners of English (VEs).
The Written DCT (Discourse Completion Test) was used for data collection. Research subjects included 90 people in three groups: 30 native Vietnamese speakers, 30 Vietnamese English learners, and 30 Australian native English speakers. The performance of three groups were compared to find out the differences in semantic formulae of refusals made by Vietnamese, Vietnamese English learners and native English speakers, the characteristics of pragmatic transfer in EFL learners. The responses were coded according to the classification of refusal strategies as outlined by Beebe et al.
The findings reveal that pragmatic transfer exists in choice and content of semantic formulae. Native speakers liked to use more direct refusal strategies and positive feelings than Vietnamese speakers and the pragmatic transfer occurred in Vietnamese EFL learners. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS B.A: Bachelor of Arts DCT: Discourse Completion Task EFL: English as a Foreign Language ESL: English as a Second Language L1: First Language L2: Second Language NE: Native English NNSs: Non-native Speakers NSs: Native Speakers NV: Native Vietnamese VE: Vietnamese EFL learners iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 3.1: Classification of DCT .2 The semantic formulas used in the analysis of data (Beebe et al., 1990 and modified by Phuong, 2014) .1: Refusals to a request of higher status person .2: Examples of semantic formula .3: Refusals to a request of lower status person.4: Examples of semantic formula .5: Refusals to an invitation of higher status person .6: Examples of semantic formula .7: Refusals to an invitation of lower status person .8: Examples of semantic formula .9: Refusals to an offer of a higher status person .10: Examples of semantic formula .11: Refusals to an offer of a lower status person.12: Examples of semantic formula .13: Refusals to a suggestion of a higher status person .14: Examples of semantic formula .15: Refusals to a suggestion of a lower status person .16: Examples of semantic formula .31 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iv LIST OF TABLES. v TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.
Rationale for the study. Aims of the study. Significance of the study. Scope of the study.
Outline of the study. 3 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW.2 Factors affecting pragmatic transfer .4 Refusal as a Speech Act .5 Classification of Speech Acts .6 Studies on the Speech Act of Refusals. 12 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY. Subjects of the study.
Data collection procedure and analysis .1 Data collection procedure. 20 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .1 Refusals to requests .1 Refusal to a request of salary payment (higher) .2 Refusal to a request of staying late (lower) .2 Refusals to invitations .1 Refusal to an invitation to a restaurant (higher) .2 Refusal to an invitation to a boss party (lower) .3 Refusals to offers .1 Refusal to an offer to pay for a vase (higher). Refusal to an offer to an executive promotion (lower) .4 Refusals to suggestions .1 Refusal to a suggestion to have more conversation in Foreign Language (higher). Refusal to a suggestion to write a reminder (lower).
Choice of semantic formulae used in refusals of Vietnamese EFL learners. Positive feeling & Regret .1 Semantic formulae for the speech act of refusals used by native speakers of Vietnamese, Native English and Vietnamese EFL learners .2 Pragmatic transfer in the semantic formulae used in refusals of Vietnamese EFL learners.5 Recommendations for Future Studies. 45 vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale for the study Language is the carrier of culture and culture the substance of language: The two cannot exist separately (Romaine, 2000).
To succeed in communicating with others, one must be aware of the culture behind the language used in communication (Tanck, 2004). When speaking a foreign language, the issue of culture becomes critical. English as Foreign language (EFL) learners, especially those with languages different and distant from English psychologically, culturally, phonologically, and syntactically, may struggle when attempting to communicate in English. Non-proficient language learners are not only jeopardized by their imperfect language knowledge but obstructed by their inadequate knowledge of culture.
To compensate for their lack of knowledge, EFL learners may fall back on their own linguistic cultural reservoir, translating utterances from their mother tongue and applying their own cultural rules when communicating in English (Al-Eryani, 2007; Lauper, 1997). This might lead to pragmatic errors that could result in misunderstanding and embarrassment or pragma-linguistic failure (Riley, 1989; Thomas, 1983; Umale, 2011). This is especially important nowadays as “cross-cultural communication is becoming an integral part of life, with globalization and rapid advances in new technology” (Umale, 2011, p. In addition, employment opportunities in the local and global market increasingly demand good language proficiency and communicative ability.
Therefore, teaching pragmatic rules in a way that they would involve communication strategies and speech acts will give students the English knowledge and communicative competence that will secure good job placements after graduation. The phenomenon of pragmatic transfer and their motivating factors have been investigated in several speech acts in different languages, such as English, Hebrew, Spanish, French, German, Danish, Arabic and Portuguese (Byon, 2004). Several cross-cultural studies proved that pragmatic transfer is evident in L2 speech 1 performance. As for Asian languages, except for Japanese, the number of ILP studies is limited.
To this date, there has been no single attempt to study pragmatic transfer in Vietnamese speech acts of refusal. To this date, there has been no single attempt to study pragmatic transfer in Thai Nguyen university students’ speech acts of refusal. Aims of the study The present study aims to investigate the semantic formulae for the speech act of refusal by native speakers of Vietnamese, native English and Vietnamese EFL learners then explore whether the pragmatic transfer exist in the semantic formulae of Vietnamese English language learners. Taking the refusal speech act as a case in point, it sought to discover how Vietnamese EFL university students used English when refusing requests, invitations, offers, and suggestions presented to them in a set of scenarios.
The study examines whether the responses appropriate pragmatically and accurate linguistically and the factors that could have influence them. What are the semantic formulae for the speech act of refusals used by native speakers of Vietnamese, native English and Vietnamese EFL learners? 2. To what extent does pragmatic transfer exist in the semantic formulae used in refusals of Vietnamese EFL learners? 1. Significance of the study Many cross-cultural refusal studies have a methodological problem, in that they are focused mainly on oral interactions, even though data were often collected via written surveys.
In addition, no attention, as far as I can find, has been given to refusals within mountainous students who are studying EFL. Therefore, it is important to investigate refusal patterns when learning English of these students, especially in Thai Nguyen University. Scope of the study This study will only focus on investigating the pragmatic transfer used in refusals of students Thai Nguyen University. The native Vietnamese students will come from College of Education, native English students will come from University 2 of Wollongong, Australia and non-native EFL students will come from School of Foreign Languages – Thai Nguyen University.
Outline of the study This paper’s contents were arranged in an order which reveals information from theoretical to empirical. Chapter I: INTRODUCTION, gives an overview of the study. More particularly, it includes statement of the problem, the main reasons leading to this research, intentional aims, objectives as well as brief description of scope and significance, methods, and design of the inquiry. Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW, clarifies theoretical background and related preceding studies relevant for the research.
Both positive impacts and disadvantages will be exposed in this section. Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, focuses on eliciting research questions, research methods, data collection procedure and data analysis. Chapter IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION, helps to examine the semantic formulae for the speech act of refusals used by native speakers of Vietnamese, native English and Vietnamese EFL learners then find out the pragmatic transfer which exist in the semantic formulae used in refusals of Vietnamese EFL learners. Chapter V: CONCLUSION, briefly summaries the main points of the paper, provides essential findings, displays existing limitations together with implications and gives suggestions for further studies.
Finally, REFERENCES and APPENDICES are also listed sufficiently at the end of the research. 3 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Pragmatic Transfer Defining pragmatic transfer is not any easier because of researchers’ disagreement about how to define the scope of pragmatics. According to Olshtain and Cohen (1989), pragmatic transfer refer to L2 learners’ strategy of incorporating native-language-based elements in L2 production.
The proposed definitions reflect the problem. According to Wolfson, “the use of rules of speaking from one's own native speech community when interacting with members of the host community or simply when speaking or writing in a second language is known as sociolinguistic or pragmatic transfer” (1989, p. Since then, pragmatic transfer in EFL has received considerable attention and becomes an important source of cross-cultural communication breakdown (e. Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz, 1990).
A good example of pragmalinguistic transfer is provided by Takahashi and DuFon’s (1989) study which examined nine Japanese English ESL learners’ use of indirectness in two request situations. They found that the L2 learners at beginning proficiency level were either too direct or too indirect in their choice of indirectness in one of the situations. Byon (2004) also identified and described socio-pragmatic features of Americans learning Korean as a foreign language in the Korean communicative act of requests.