MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND ON GERMINATION OF OAT GRAINS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Mai Thi Cam Tien Supervisor: Dr. Sudarat Jiamyangyuen Dr. Duong Thi Ngoc Diep Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND ON GERMINATION OF OAT GRAINS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Mai Thi Cam Tien SUperviSOr:. Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Firstly, thanks should go to the collaboration between Nong Lam University and Chiangmai University, especially the Chemical Engineering and Food Technology faculty of Nong Lam University and the faculty of Agro-Industry of Chiangmai University, that has created a chance for me to complete my research thesis at Chiangmai University.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Sudarat Jiamyangyuen, who allowed me to do my research at her laboratory in the Food Engineering Division and contributed many insights and suggestions to my research. I am also thankful for the enthusiastic support ofall students of Dr. My research could not be successful without their help and guidance.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Duong Thi Ngoc Diep, a teacher at Nong Lam University, who gave me advice and helped me achieve a good report thesis as much as possible. Lastly, I could not do my research without the support of my family. Words cannot express my gratitude to my family; they not only uphold the financial problem but also reinforce my spiritual health, which helps me power through all hardships.
Mai Thi Cam Tien ABSTRACT Ultrasound technology has been used to enhance the hydration of grains. However, the effects of ultrasonic treatment on seed quality parameters such as germination, water absorption, phenolic content, beta-glucan content, etc. of oat seeds have not been fully studied. In this study, the effects of different amplitudes and different exposure times of ultrasound on oat seeds were investigated to determine the optimal conditions to accelerate the germination process.
In addition, this study also studies the effect of germination time on the properties of germinated seeds such as weight, germination speed, total phenolic content, beta-glucan content, and moisture content of treated samples compared with untreated seeds germinated under normal conditions. The seeds are treated with ultrasonic energy (input power 500W, temperature 30°C) with amplitude (20, 30, 40 minutes). Therefore, ultrasound technology can be used to enhance the hydration process without negatively affecting seed quality. However, further studies are required to determine the main cause (physical /or physiological) of the germination rate enhancement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT sssssssssvnssseaccrsessssssessosscssssssecssssssesssssstevervensussueenssassecnsssonssnonssseses I ABS TRAGCD ::ccecccercceseessctbeisicbi03005146103633158038013533543655555SS35ESEsi303S.E83EEXS4Eg2G5Sg. H TABLE OF CONTENTS sscssssecsssssssesssnsssnsssnnsosevsceseosoonenscsvenesnssasanvessosvensensonsosessseseesss IH LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ssssesccssssssosssenssssessecosnsssenasenssnoesonssesseasessseeeresestensonasesoseseys V LIST OF FIGURES wissssssscssssssssassscssnssensncavsnsosvasecsveusuesvesoesansesscssvesnsssssessonssssevsessnevssees VI DIST OE VA BLES eeennerlosnioDsrtieptitoixittoritetgetesbtsgtlsossnstlissgigrifosgsssfsgisee Vill CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION wesisssssessesssssssconsssvenssavcosssvsavesssasseconssssasesscssavssscssesseees 1 CHAPTER 2.ccccssssesessessessssssssesssessssssseeseessesesseesenes 2 26:1; OVERVIEW Of OAUS ¡:ács66i18666566G6615166146466ã6651655584ã666466G6563615665368456365650055514á650338804566656555 6684 2 21.1, Cũltivatfon/and BfGdUGHGR OF G8 on cccnesennasesansusuenmnnnevsaexvensssnunersameeiommumnsavesaes 2 2.2 Nutritional composition Of OAfS.- 2 2222 2213211251121 1251 151121 511215122 e2 3 213 Health beri6tEtS G1 ĐH Ăn niesnnbidobnioagiLS03104638530. The influence of chemical factors on the germination pr0Cess.
Germination process and physicochemical changes of oats during POLI ALO hscsccsscansssacsecnssnaveasticanssesessassvssssusssus tenes tvncsaseseecsessseastossvsotieine sonessctreesieeess 11 2.1 Effect of germination on dry weight and length ofoat seeds .2 Effect of germination on the changes in -glucan.3 Effect of germination on the changes in phytate and total phenolic content. Fae ee ẽa .4 Correlation analysis of physiochemical properties of raw and germinated GẤ Lỗ csi. ita obtben Tein Sette SuauugtctiBiorBnasblluieTmiosknbiessotoisidirkoZdssEisliimmuugioidEnsigsoeloie 13 2. Application of ultrasound in food science and technology .1 Principle of ultrasound 1.2 Effect of ultrasound on grain øerm1nat1ON.--- 5 52552222 *++s£+zs+zs£zsessx 14 2.1 Some studies on the effects of ultrasonic treatment on seed germination —.2 Similarities and differences were observed between studies regarding ultrasonic treatments of cereal grains.
ee ceeeeeceeeeeceeseeeeeseeseesseeseeeeeeaeeneeees 19 CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .--5- << 5< << << eeseeee21 Sed 62 BHIH,TTIIIGEINÏSS:zitsortooGttcties8iiitersfttttliidoiblsttsitaoggitisgtiogt8ospszsaistess 21 3.2, Chemical reagents scsssssscsscnsssscessassesessssansensscnsoves censcssassssscsscsscnaseasasseasonsscansansssss 21 S.HSÍEHUIGHHHS csscsssssisncsssnssescssssrsevesssseasonuiesnsanssessonessentanuseonsosscevedessaeascnsonnss 21 3.4: Experimental design ‹-:::z::zczssczssox2zzzs2z556665656166565663655505gg85g556935851EEESSu4586886008588886 23 3. Germination of oat using uÏfrasSOuTIC. Analysis mGLHO:c:ccccccccccEbkeoti1665560455x1535561681165Ÿ55888555 518515665635 555555683/5858658ã9886 05958 24 3.1 Determination of seed moisture €OTIf€TIĂ.1 Extraction of phenolic compounds from grains .2 Determination of total phenolic compound.3 Determination of antioxidant aCfIVIẨV.4 Determination of B-glucan content by enzymatic method using IMC SEZ VTS LAG srssnnsisstooiitititiEEEESEGHHSRNSSSIEEGEEAEAEIGBEDBSBIRSEGS.ERSSHESHNRSGE500G08130585138gã7503038 28 3:7; Statistical analysis sssssssssssscsssscsssensssvsesssscsnsassassesssscsasenssaccessstessssossassaassessossassasess 29 CHAPTER 4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Physicochemical DaT4IT€Ẩ©TS. HH ng ng ng ng ve 30 4.1 Effect of ultrasonic treatment on germination ratio of germinated oat grains 4.2 Change in root length (mm) of ultrasonic-treated and non-ultrasonic-treated SAMNPLOS.3 Effect of ultrasonic treatment on moisture content (%) of germinated oat GNA sec ee a ee ce ee Sci eee eng pence 34 4. Effect of ultrasonic treatment on TPC of germinated oat ørains.
Effect of ultrasound on DPPH scavenging activity of oat grains. Effect of ultrasound on B-glucan content of oat grains. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDA TION. Recommend ations ssceeciccacsncsssnisccrssoscssocssnsesessesoesensseearsseeseesesstasssessenseoceseateconsseee 47 REFERENCES, ssessssssevessscssnvsnsoseesvanscveesssesevsoseunesennsensovesssunsesesevnsssssavssessussessssercessevered 48 AP PEIN DICE csccsvccasecsasenassescssucssinctsieniesuastestwacatace ts sescsuassntsusceusstuctadastectedastussivearuiascets 54 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DW Dry weight GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid GAE Gallic acid equivalents MC Moisture content RT Room temperature TE Garlic acid equivalents TPC Total phenolic content US Ultrasound LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: World cereal production in the period 2012-2016 (tons) (Fatima et al.2: Oat Production from 1996-2020 (million fonn$).3: B-Glucan is composed of D-glucosyl monomeric units linked either B-1,3 Figure 2.4: General structure of avenanthramides, illustrating the phenylalkenoic acid (PA) moiety in blue and the anthranilic acid (AA) moiety in red (A).
Glycosylation of Avenanthramides also occurs through the addition of glucose to free hydroxyl groups (B), which expands the range of reported Avenanthraimides.5: Organic acids reported from AV@NG $đfÏVA. --- 5-5 5+ ++<£+sx+s+eexsexes 7 Figure 2.6: (A) Flavonoids reported from Avena sativa, (B) Triterpenoid saponins TEPOLEM LOM. AVENE SLING ss cccssscasvnensnnsnnsnnssnsisnnsvenvvse cvensussexvuansneaneeesveentenaunentestwanentonies 9 Figure 3.1: Experimental layout đia87a1m.2: Flow chart of the phenolic content measurement experiment.3: Flow chart of the DPPH scavenging activity experiment expressed in Trolox EQUIV ALE scescocneseacevenreacennnnmne announces mea ETERS REET 2] Figure 3.4: B-Glucan (Mixed Linkage) Assay Protocol.5: Flow chart of the experiment measuring B-glucan confeni.1: Effect ofultrasonic treatment on germination ratio of germinated oat grains. T: Ultrasound treatment time (min), US(20 ,30 ,40); Ultrasound with amplitude 20, 30, 7) ee a ee ee ee ee ee 31 Figure 4.2: Change in root length of ultrasonic treated and non-ultrasonic treated samples: Affect of ultrasonic treated and non-ultrasonic treated samples.
T: Ultrasound treatment time (min), US(20 ,30 ,40): Ultrasound with amplitude 20, 30, 40%.3: Effect of ultrasonic treatment on moisture content (%) of germinated oat grains. T: Ultrasound treatment time (min), US (20,30,40): Ultrasound with amplitude 20, 30, 40% oo.4: Gallic acid standard curve ørapÏh.5: Effect of ultrasonic treatment on TPC (mg GAE/100g dry basis) of germinated oat grains. T: Ultrasound treatment time (min), US(20 ,30 ,40): Ultrasound M211012100121018919 22891 10.6: Trolox standard curve graphh.7: Change in DPPH scavenging activity (mM TE/100g dB) of germinated oat seeds. T: Ultrasound treatment time (min), US (20,30,40): Ultrasound with amplitude PaO tO PO cesscine srt overeat es pac i tn tr rr ero en 41 Figure 4.8: Change in B-glucan content (g/100g dB sample) of germinated oat seeds.
T: Ultrasound treatment time (min), US (20,30,40): Ultrasound with amplitude 20, 30, PP. 43 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Nutritional value of Oat 1.2: Fiber content in some plant f00dS .3: Minerals content of the fruits and green parts of A.4: Chemical changes (% dry basic) of oat grain øerm1natIon.5: Recent advances in ultrasound-assisted germination of plant seeds.1: List of oat germination treatr€nn(S. -- +55 +s+*+sc+sczsezeeeererrs 24 Table A1: Effect of ultrasonic treatment on germination ratio of germinated oat grains Table A2: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing the effect of ultrasonic (Amplitude & Time) and germination time (h) as the significance of the main effects. 54 Table A3: Change in root length (mm) of ultrasonic-treated and non-ultrasonic-treated n0 5.
58 Table A4: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing the effect of ultrasonic (Amplitude & Time) and germination time (h) as the significance of the main effects. 58 Table A5: Effect of ultrasonic-treatment on moisture content (%) of germinated oat OT ALIS besos 5 sg52 525030 eerste es ef a 62 Table A6: Effect of ultrasonic-treatment on TPC (mg GAE/100g dry basic) of germinated Oat rains. 62 Table A7: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing the effect of ultrasonic (Amplitude & Time) and germination time (h) as the significance of the main effect. 63 Table A8: Effect of ultrasonic treatment on DPPH scavenging activity (mM TE/100g dry basis) of yerrninraf€d:08:0T4TTiS:sssxsszzssssssxzscesievsbssatyosoglbglbocS9l43V8c038SUEUNSGELLELSSSSS4g23805 66 Table A9: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing the effect of ultrasonic (Amplitude & Time) and germination time (h) as the significance of the main effect.
67 viii Table A10: Effect of ultrasonic treatment on B-glucan content (g/100g dry basis sample) GE BSPTALSE) OF GORA IIS seca cesses cucsreecueseannnsn tiaiGt8808900480081886388801G0821034830đ0805403G03213G4EH6.0/305840800883 70 Table A11: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing the effect of ultrasonic (Amplitude & Time) and germination time (h) as the significance of the main effect. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, nutritional quality in food is an issue of concern for many people. Currently, there are many studies on oats but there are few studies on the effects of ultrasound technology on germinating oat seeds. Chemical constituents such as vitamins, antioxidant compounds, phenolic compounds, and other compounds often change significantly during the germination process.
Germination time significantly affects the chemical composition of oats. This project focuses on investigating the effects of ultrasound on physicochemical parameters of germinated oat seeds such as seed germination speed, water absorption ability, and moisture content of germinated oat seeds after germination drying. Besides, we also focus on investigating phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity, and beta-glucan content to find optimal conditions to achieve the highest efficiency. In order to create conditions for the development of beneficial products from this raw material source with the aim of improving the nutritional content of the products.
At the same time, finding a way to increase the content of compounds beneficial to human health in sprouted oats should research the topic "Effects of ultrasound on germinated oat seeds". Phenolic is a highly biologically active compound, the phenolic content in oats will increase when the oats germinate. Beta-glucan is a soluble fiber in oats and is mainly concentrated in oat bran. The beta-glucan in oats is known to lower cholesterol and increase bile acid production or reduce blood sugar levels.
This research aims to develop a process to increase phenolic content, antioxidants, and beta-glucan content. Diversify products made from oats, increase economic efficiency for this raw material source. Create a new research direction for ultrasound technology that has positive effects on germinated oats in particular and sprouted cereal grains in general. Overview of oats 2.1 Cultivation and production of oats Avena sativa L.
(Gramineae), commonly known as Oat, Groats, Haber, Avena, Straw, Oatmeal, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed (Coffman, 1977; Gibbs Russel et al. Oat originated in England, France, Poland, Germany, and Russia and 1s now cultivated worldwide. Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a crop produced on a global scale, but oat yields are lower than those of other grains such as corn, rice, wheat, and barley (Figure 2. Oats are undervalued in comparison with wheat, rice, and barley, despite their unique composition that includes many of the nutrients required for health and a reduced risk of degenerative disease incidence.
At the agronomic level, oats exhibit optimal growth in regions of moderate temperature and long day length. In addition, they can tolerate wet weather and acidic soils more effectively than other cereals, such as wheat (Stewart & McDougall, 2014). =| — — Corn Wheat Rice Barley Sorghum Oats Rye (milled) Cereals Figure 2.