VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES PHÙNG THỊ THU A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE USED IN POLITICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NEWSPAPER HEADLINES ON THE MAJOR EVENTS IN THE IRAQ WAR NGHIÊN CỨU SO SÁNH HÀM NGÔN HỘI THOẠI ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC TIÊU ĐỀ CHÍNH TRỊ VỀ NHỮNG SỤ KIỆN QUAN TRỌNG TRONG CHIẾN TRANH IRAQ CỦA BÁO CHÍ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT M. Minor Programme Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 60.15 Hanoi, 2013 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES PHÙNG THỊ THU A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE USED IN POLITICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NEWSPAPER HEADLINES ON THE MAJOR EVENTS IN THE IRAQ WAR NGHIÊN CỨU SO SÁNH HÀM NGÔN HỘI THOẠI ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC TIÊU ĐỀ CHÍNH TRỊ VỀ NHỮNG SỤ KIỆN QUAN TRỌNG TRONG CHIẾN TRANH IRAQ CỦA BÁO CHÍ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT M. Minor Programme Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 60.15 Supervisor: Professor Nguyễn Hòa Hanoi, 2013 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION I certify that this minor thesis entitled “A comparative study on Conversational Implicatures used in Political English and Vietnamese Newspaper Headlines on the major events in the Iraq War” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts is the result of my work, except otherwise acknowledged and that this minor thesis and any part of the same has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. Hanoi, March 2013 Signature Phung Thi Thu i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the past two years I have received support and encouragement from many individuals to accomplish this research.
Therefore, I hereby would like to express my profound gratitude to all of them. Above all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Nguyen Hoa for all his invaluable inspiration, assistance, guidance and encouragement as I was working on my study. Besides, I am grateful to all lecturers and staff of Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies for their valuable lessons and precious help. Thanks to them, I could get the essential materials for my paper.
Finally, my sincere thanks go to my parents and my friends who always stand by me and support me when I was doing the research. Without their encouragement, I would not have been able to complete this thesis.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics ABSTRACT The headlines of the newspapers play a crucial role in helping the readers save energy and time to get information for the reason in that the headlines have the capacity of encapsulating the story in a minimum number of words and, in a particular edition, giving the readers an overall picture of the current news. To implement their functions, the headlines are inquired to exploit the linguistic resources which conversational implicature is considered in as an effective tool. The present study was conducted to compare the use of conversational implicature of the English and Vietnamese newspapers on the coverage of the major events of Iraq War and the linguistic competence which the readers need to have to understand implicature.
The objects of the research are 30 headlines, 15 Quân Đội Nhân Dân and 15 New York Times headlines in the different periods from March 20th to April 10th 2003, December 1st to 31st 2006 and August 1st to 31st 2010. The analysis includes examining the means to generate implicature which consist of lexical and syntactic features and communicative competence. Based on the findings, it is concluded that both English and Vietnamese newspapers show their creativity in using the lexical and syntactic features to generate conversational implicature. However, the Maxim of Quantity and Manner are flouted in the Vietnamese newspaper headlines whereas the Maxim of Quantity, Manner and Relation are flouted in English ones.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning NYT New York Times QDND Quan Doi Nhan Dan newspaper iv (LUAN.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics TABLES OF CONTENT DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………….iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .iv TABLES OF CONTENT………………………………………………………………….
Rationale of the study ………………………………………………………………. Aims of the study……………………………………………………………………. Scope of the study………………………………………………………………………. Methods of the study…………………………………………………………………….
Design of the study………………………………………………………………….4 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………. Theories on conversational implicature ……………………………………………. Co-operation and implicature ……………………………………………………. Types of conversational implicature……………………………………………….
Generalized conversational implicature …………………………………. Particularized conversational implicature …………………………………7 1. Properties of conversational implicature…………………………………………. Observance of Cooperative principles……………………………………………12 1.
The conversational implicature in the newspaper headlines …………………………14 1. Discourse of the Iraq War ……………………………………………………………15 v (LUAN.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND PROCEDURE………………………………………. Data collection method. Data analysis procedure .18 CHAPTER 3: PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS……….
Observance of cooperative principles. Limitations and suggestions for further study .I Appendix 1: New York Times headlines …………………………………………….I Appendix 2: Quan Doi Nhan Dan headlines……………………………………………….II vi (LUAN.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study These days, online newspapers have undeniably become one of the most useful sources of information. Online newspapers are increasingly popular due to the availability and convenience they provide.
With the internet, readers have a choice to read a great deal of diverse online newspapers. Consequently, the readers are likely to be flooded with such an amount of new information for which they have neither time nor energy to process. In this case, the headlines help them get the maximum out of this informational flood for the minimal cognitive investment. The headlines provide the readers with an optimally relevant presentation of their stories.
A good headline is one which helps the reader deduce the maximal amount of contextual effects for the minimal amount of processing effort. However, to write a good headline, the writers have to exploit a diversity of linguistic resources in which implicature is considered to be very helpful. Realizing the significance of implicature in news headlines, this study is carried out to investigate the use of implicature in transferring the information to the readers in the language of English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines. Moreover, this study also investigates the communicative competences which are necessary for readers to understand the implicature.
Aims of the study The study deals with the exploitation of conversational implicature in the Vietnamese and American political headlines. Therefore, the study is aimed specifically: - To investigate how conversational implicature is created in political English and Vietnamese Newspaper Headlines on the major events of the Iraq war.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics - To find out the communicative competences the readers need to comprehend conversational implicature. Scope of the study The study focuses on analyzing the political headlines in the press, not on television or radio. The Iraq war lasted from 2003 to 2011 but due to the limit of time, this research is only concerned with the main events of Iraq war, particularly the development of the War in March 2003, December 2006 and August 2010.
The newspapers are selected to be studied are Quan Doi Nhan Dan (QDND) - the Vietnamese daily newspaper and one popular American- New York Times (NYT). Methods of the study The study is an attempt to carry out an analysis of English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines on some of the most important events of Iraq war in terms of implicature. Specifically, it focuses on how implicature is used to convey the information about this war. The study combines both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Firstly, a theoretical framework for the research is set up involving the theories and studies on implicature and communicative competence. The former section consists of conversational implicature, some properties and features of conversational implicature. The latter includes relevant background knowledge, informal reasoning and observance of Grice‟s principles. Secondly, I conduct the analysis and synthesis of the data in both English and Vietnamese newspapers and compare the way the implicature is used and interpreted.
The analysis is based on Grice‟s conversational implicature theory. For a further description of the methods of the study, see chapter 3.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Design of the study This study consists of three main parts: Introduction, Development and Conclusion PART A: Introduction – presents the rationale, scope, aims, and methodology of the study PART B: Development. In this part, three chapters are presented.
Chapter 1: Literature review deals with the theoretical framework relevant to the topic. Chapter 2: Methods and procedure gives detailed description of data collection method and analysis procedure. Chapter 3: Presentation and discussion of the results constitutes the main part of the study. This part presents the results from the analysis on the utilization of conversational implicature in the headlines in English and Vietnamese newspapers and communicative competences and discusses the findings.
PART C: Conclusion summarizes the findings in comparison between English and Vietnamese articles with regard to the results of conversational implicature investigated, some limitations and suggestions for further research.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Theories on conversational implicature 1. Implicature and Co-operation Up to now, there are some definitions of implicature proposed by scholars and linguists. Amongst them was Grice, who may be said to introduce the term for the first time in his William James lectures in 1967.
He defined implicature as “a notion which is not explicitly stated but inferable from the conventional meaning of some linguistic unit in an utterance and taken to be communicated.” According Thomas (1995), Grice‟s theory is “an attempt at explaining how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant, from the level of what you expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.” To help the readers understand implicature more, he gave three examples of implicature. Example 2 stated: „We must remember your telephone bill‟, she said, hinting that Louis had talked long enough. „Good bye‟, said Louis ringing off. It takes the rich to remind one of the bills, she thought.
In the above example, we can see that when the speaker utters the words „We must remember your telephone bill‟, she is implying that she wants to close the conversation. It is necessary to distinguish between implying and inferencing, or implicature and inference. Implicature is generated intentionally by the speaker and may be understood by the hearer whereas inference is produced by the hearer deducing something from evidence.linguistics TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.linguistics Levinson (1983: 97) mentions that the projection of the concept of implicature in recent work in pragmatics is due to a number of sources. First, implicature stands as a paradigmatic example of the nature and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena.
Second, implicature provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually said, i. more than what is literally expressed by the conventional sense of the linguistic expressions uttered. Therefore, in the conversation, the speaker and hearer co-operate with each other, or in other words, they follow the cooperative principles that Grice has described in term of four categories of special cases, which he called “Maxims”. These maxims can briefly be characterized in modified form below: 1) Maxim of Quantity: Be brief.
Make your contribution as informative as is required and no more. 2) Maxim of Quality: Be true. Do not say what you believe to be false and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 3) Maxim of Relation: Be relevant.
4) Maxim of Manner: Be clear. Avoid obscurity and ambiguity. It is suggested that the inferences arise based on the observation of four mentioned conversational maxims. With the implicatures in which speakers deliberately choose to flout one of the maxims, we call them flouting implicatures.
Conversational Implicature Thomas (1995) indicates that Grice distinguished two different sorts of implicature: Conventional implicature and Conversational implicature.