VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES TRAN THI HOA MAI AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL COHESION USED IN “THE CALL OF THE WILD” BY JACK LONDON (Phân tích liên kết ngữ pháp sử dụng trong tac phim “Tidng goi not hoang da” cia Jack London) M. Minor programme thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.15 HANOL-— 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES TRAN TI IIOA MAI AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL COHESION USED IN “THE CALL OF THE WILD” BY JACK LONDON (Phân tích liên kết ngữ pháp sử dụng trong tác phẫm “Tiáng gợi nơi hoang đã” của Jack: London} M. Minor programme thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.15 Supervisor: NGUYEN HUONG GIANG, M. HANOI - 2010 iv TABLES OF CONTENTS CONTENTS DECLARATION.
TABLES OF CONTENTS. LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES. Rationale of the study. Aims of the study - - a) 3.
Scope of the study 2 4, Methods of the Study. Design of the study 3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT. cece sseseesseiesctesssnniecssessnesssenciecsasenessaniaeesnsnsaedl Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 4 1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis - - 4 1.
Diseourse AnaÌysls. Discourse and text. The concept of cohesion 5 1. Types of Cohesion 6 1.
Grammatical Coheäiowi. Lexical Cohesion - - 12 Chapter 2: An overview on "The Call of the Wild" by Jack London. A brief summary of "The Call of the Wild". Anoverview on "The Cail of the Wild” - -.
14 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: FHEORETICAL BACKGROUND ‘As mentioned before, Discourse Analysis has a very broad scope which has close relationship with many other aspects of language study. Nevertheless, due to the framework of a M. minor programine the: s, inth fhapler, the authors just allermpls to discuss some theoretical background about Discourse Analysis in general and Cohesion in particular 1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis 4.
Discourse Analysis Discourse analysis is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used. Tt grow oul of the work of different disciplinas in the 1960s and ealy 1970s, inchuding linguistics, semiotics, psychology, antluopology and sociclogy. Discourse analysts study language in use: written texts and spoken data of all kinds under the approach different from those okl grammarians. For the limo being, thore have boon amumerous interpretations to what is meant by Discourse Analysis.
Bntish discourse analysis was mainly infnenced by M. llalliday's functional approach of tanguage Halliday's framawark cinphasizes the social function of tauguag: and the thematic and informational structure of speech and writing. De Boaugrands (1980) and Halliday and Hasan (1976) as well as Prague School of linguists have made their significant contribution to this branch of linguistics in pointing oul the links belween grammar and discourse. Yule (1996:139) states: "In the study of language, same of the most interesting qnestions arise im connection with the way Tanguage is ‘used’, rather than what.
its components are (.) We ware, in efitect, asking how it is that language-users interpret what ofher language users intend to convey. When we camry this investigation further and ask ‘how it is that we, as language-users, make sense of what we read in texts, understand what speakers mean despite what they say, rocogrize councclsd as opposed to jumbled or incoherent discours and successtully take part in that complex activity called conversation, we are undertaking what is known as discourse analysis” v Chapter 3: Án analysis of grammaztical cahesion used in "The Call aƒ the Wild" by Jack Londow. Exophoric and Endophoric Referens. Statistical Analysis of Reference Markers.
size enreririrarrirrrreroareee 2 Ko na. Wh Rulipsis - - 3I nh.34 Chapter 4: Major findings and Implications for the Teaching and Learning Writing 8kill,. Major Findings of Grammatical Cohesion 37 42. Impticalions for the Toaching and Learning Grammatical Cohesive Dovieo im Writing.
Implications for ‘Teachers - - 39 4. Truplications for Students. Limitations ofthe Study. 8uggestiors for Furttrer §ludies - 2 2 v Chapter 3: Án analysis of grammaztical cahesion used in "The Call aƒ the Wild" by Jack Londow.
Exophoric and Endophoric Referens. Statistical Analysis of Reference Markers. size enreririrarrirrrreroareee 2 Ko na. Wh Rulipsis - - 3I nh.34 Chapter 4: Major findings and Implications for the Teaching and Learning Writing 8kill,.
Major Findings of Grammatical Cohesion 37 42. Impticalions for the Toaching and Learning Grammatical Cohesive Dovieo im Writing. Implications for ‘Teachers - - 39 4. Truplications for Students.
Limitations ofthe Study. 8uggestiors for Furttrer §ludies - 2 2 Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text. Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey. One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion.
Discourse coniext David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded. According to him, context consists of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context" He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning. However, Firth did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning. Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation.
And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed. Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register. The cuncept af cohesion The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements ofa text. According to ‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence.
Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist within a text. Halliday and Hasan (197 :4) also define cohesion in a simifar way: "Lhe concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that defines it as a ioxl". They also point out that cohesion offen ovours where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is depeudent on that of another. 5, Design of the study Within the scope mentioned above, the study has three main parts Part A is INTRODUCTION" which consists of the rationale, aims, scope, methods and designof the study.
Parl B enlilled "DEVELOPMENT" includes three chaplers. Chapter 1, “Theoretical Background”, gives an overview on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, including Discourse Analysis, Discourse and ‘Text, Discourse context and spoken and written discourse. In this chapter, the author also introduces background knowledge about cohesion, the relationship between echesion and coherence, cohesion and discourse structure and types of cohesion Chapter 2 with the title “An averview on “The Call of the Wild" hy Jack London" provides the brief summary of the book, an overview on the story in terms of the characters, events and personal perceptions. Chapter 3 entitled “dn analysis of grammatical cohesion used in "The Call of the Wild” by Jack London” provides a colicctions of cxamples taken from the seven chapters of the book with detailed analysis to clarify the application of such grammatical cohesive devices employed in thal book Pat C is CONCLUSION” in which the author sumumarizes the main points introduced in the study.
The study ends with the “REFERTNCI S$” which list all the nraterials and sources of information used in this study. vi List of Tables and Figures Tables and Figures Pages Figures 1.1: Type of cohosion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion ‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3. Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3. Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild” ‘Table 3.
Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild” Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild” ‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild” Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild” vi List of Tables and Figures Tables and Figures Pages Figures 1.1: Type of cohosion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion ‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3. Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3. Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild” ‘Table 3. Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild” Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild” ‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild” Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild” vi List of Tables and Figures Tables and Figures Pages Figures 1.1: Type of cohosion Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion ‘Table 3.1: Exophoric Reference in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.
Personal Reference in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3. Demonstrative Reference in “The Call of the Wild” ‘Table 3. Comparative Reference in “Phe Call of the Wild” Table 3.5: Substilution in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.6: Specitic Deitics in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.7: Non-specific Deitics in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.8: Numerative in “The Call of the Wild” Table 3.9: Verbal Ellipsis in “The Call of the Wild” ‘Table 3.10; Clausal Lllipsis in “Zhe Call of the Wild” Table 3.11: Conjunelive Relations in “The Call of the Wild” Discourse analysis is, therefore, is very important to understand or interpret a text. Only by studying Janguage én use can we recagnice the 1 that the writers wish ta convey.
One of the very key technical terms in discourse analysis is cohesion. Discourse coniext David Nunan (1993:7) defines: “Context refers to the situation giving usz to the discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded. According to him, context consists of twa typos: linguistic and non-tinguistic, Linguistic context is in fact roferrad to a8 go text, It surrounds or accompanies the piece of discowse under analysis, Non-linguistic context was taken up by Hirth (1957) who placed great emphasis on the “social context" He saw contoxl of siluation as crucial delenminams of uticrance moaning. However, Firth did not give a theoretical account of the effect of context on utterance meaning.
Lately, Halliday and Hasan focus on context of situation. And the three headings FIELD, MODE and TENOR which had been propesed for these are considered highly gencral concept for describing how the context of situation determincs the kinds of meaning that are expressed. Yet, according to Halliday and Hasan, the linguistic features, which are lypivally associated with a configuration of situational features - with particutar values of the field, mode and tenor - constitute a register. The cuncept af cohesion The concept of cohesion is closely connected with text, It is defined as the grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements ofa text.
According to ‘Yule (1996), a text is usually considcred ta have a certain struclure which depends on factors quite different from those required im the structure of single sentence. Some among those factors ate described in terms of cohesion, or the ties and connection which exist within a text.
