MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ THẢO NGA AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF SEMI- MODAL VERBS IN POLITICAL NEWS FIELD: English Linguistics CODE: 8.01 Supervisor: BÙI THỊ ĐÀO, Ph. e GI O V OT O TR Đ Ọ QU NGUYỄN THỊ THẢO NGA Đ ỀU TRA VỀ VIỆC SỬ DỤ ĐỘNG TỪ BÁ P T ỨC TRONG TIN TỨC CHÍNH TRỊ : : 8. Bù T ị Đ o e I STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this master thesis has been written by myself, and describes my own work that I have not used any sources other than those listed in the list of references. All references or sources of information have been specifically acknowledged, and are presented in the references.
Moreover, verbatim extracts also have been quoted in detail. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any previous application for other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. e II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Bui Thi Dao for the continuous support of my MA thesis, for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.
Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Beside my supervisor, I am extremely grateful to the lectures who gave me valuable knowledge and experiences which have contributed to the foundation of my thesis. I express my thanks to my friends for encouraging me and providing me with needed materials. I am very much thankful to my beloved family for their love, caring, understanding and nonstop support to complete this research work.
e III ABSTRACT The study is to investigate the types of semi-modal verbs and their semantic aspects used in political news. The data is collected from 30 pieces of political news from CNN website. The study is conducted mainly with quantitative methods combining with some qualitative methods for explanation and discussion. The findings reveal that out of the four categories of semi-modal verbs under investigation, semi-auxiliaries are the most commonly used category with a high rate, while modal idioms stand in the lowest position.
In terms of semantic features, extrinsic modality and intrinsic modality are examined to recognize the speakers‘ attitude. Extrinsic modality is expressed by semi-modal verbs with 87 cases in total in order to reveal the speakers‘ judgement of the events. With less frequency, intrinsic modality is presented in 67 times by semi-modal verbs so as to show the human control over the actions. e IV TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .III TABLE OF CONTENTS.
IV LIST OF TABLE. VI LIST OF FIGURES. Aim and Objectives. Scope of the Study.
Significant of the Study. Organization of the Study. An overview of modality. Definition and types of semi-modal verbs.
The semantic characteristics of semi-modal verbs. Description of corpus. Corpus compilation procedure. Procedure of Data Collection.
Reliability and Validity. 36 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. 54 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. Limitations of the study.
Suggestions for further research. v e VI LIST OF TABLE Table Name Page 2.1 The auxiliary verb-main verb scale 13 2.2 Meanings relating to intrinsic modality and extrinsic 23 modality 2.3 Meanings of marginal auxiliaries 24 2.4 Types of semi-modal verbs in English 26 3.1 The corpus of 30 pieces of political news 30 4.1 Frequencies of occurrence of semi-modal verbs in 30 36 pieces of political news e VII LIST OF FIGURES Figure Name Page 3.1 String matching of HAVE TO in the corpus 33 4.1 Frequencies of occurrence of semi-modal verbs in 30 37 political news e 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Generally, political journalism is always the branch that gets people‘s attention over the world in general and in each country in particular because it provides the readers the political situation in every place around the world and the hottest political events. Political reporters use their own languages to report the political news according to their knowledge and experience through observing and interviewing or they quote the politicians‘ speeches.
As Baym (Baym, 2005) stated, the lines between entertainment and factual news may seem faint while providing political updates. According to Morrissey (Morrissey, 2016), political journalism frequently consists of opinion journalism, as current political events can be reported with their biased point of view in their reporting. The reporters employed the language mechanisms to fulfil their attempts to initiate, construct and maximize newsworthiness of the news with the purpose of attracting the audience‘s attention. According to Spolsky (Spolsky, 1998), ―language is regularly used in the exercise of political power‖.
With the numerousness of political events and the development as well as the diversity of media channels, attracting the audience‘s attention and change their mind is becoming a highly hard mission of the news reporters. With this regard, language seems to be a sufficiently effective method for the reporter in constructing the newsworthiness in their news. Therefore, reading the political news requires the readers to have the knowledge not only about e 2 political situation but also about the way how to organize the language in the news to have an overview and objective related to political news. The linguistic devices stand as the most appropriate means to make the news be newsworthy with the aim at attracting the audience and influence their minds.
One of the most popular ways the reporters use to fulfill their purpose is modality which, according to Palmer (Palmer, 1986), is the semantic information associated with the speaker‘s attitude or opinion toward what is said. Modality is expressed by a lot of types of linguistic expressions such as verbs, adjectives, adverbs or lexical expressions. Recently, modality markers, mainly modal verbs, have been investigated in a lot of research works of the linguists. Historically, there have been a lot of studies on characteristics of English modal verbs or the use of modal verbs in articles.
However, a group of verbs which are placed between auxiliaries and main verbs can also function as modal verb in their semantic features. Quirk et al.(Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik, 1985) define them as marginal auxiliaries consisting of four categories i. marginal modals, modal idioms, semi-auxiliaries, and catenatives. In this study, they are termed as semi-modal verbs.
Alternative names for semi-modal verbs are quasi-modals, periphrastic modals (Biber et al., 1999) as a combination of the marginal auxiliaries and the multi-word verbs close to modal verbs in their meaning. Unfortunately, until now there has been little attention on semi-modal verbs or only few semi-modal verbs have been under investigation such as have to, to be to. Political discourse has been investigated by quite a number of studies; for example, Mihas (Mihas, 2005), Bista (Bista, 2009), Fraser (Fraser, 2010), Nartey and Yankson (Nartey & Yankson, 2014). Nevertheless, they mainly concentrated on the elements such as metaphor, hedging in political communication or the modality in political discourse.
Accordingly, e 3 gaps addressed in this research are about how semi-modal verbs are used in political news reports and what meanings constitute through using semi- modal verbs that the political news reporters and the politicians hope to transmit to the audiences. From the mentioned reasons, a study on semi-modal verbs and their semantic aspects in the political news is conducted on the theme: An Investigation into the Uses of Semi-Modal Verbs in Political News 1. Aim and Objectives 1. Aim This study aims to investigate the uses of semi - modal auxiliary verbs in terms of semantic meanings in the political news from CNN channel in order to recognize the speaker‘s attitude or view to the world.
Objectives To fulfil the aim of the study, the following objectives are to be addressed: To describe the different types of semi-modal verbs and the frequencies of usage of the types of semi - modal verbs in the political news collected from CNN website. To investigate the semantic values expressed by semi - modal verbs used in the political news from CNN website. Research Questions In order to achieve the aim, and the objectives mentioned above, the research questions are set as follows: 1. What types and the frequencies of the semi - modal verbs are used in the political news collected from CNN website? 2.
What are the semantic features interpreted of semi - modal verbs used in the political news collected from CNN website? e 4 1. Scope of the Study This study aims to focus on types and semantic features of semi - modal verbs including marginal modals, modal idioms, semi-auxiliaries, and catenatives used in the political news reports collected from CNN website in 2018. For the purpose of describing, semi-modal devices are collected from a corpus-based method with the help of the software: TexSTAT-2 that has been widely used by famous researchers in this field (Facchinetti & Palmer (Facchinetti, Krug, & Palmer, 2003), McCarthy (McCarthy, 2007)). The main criteria to recognize semantic features of these semi modals are based on the theory of Quirk et al.
The research is then limited to the investigation of types and semantic features of semi - modal verbs in English political news reports only. CNN stands for Cable News Network is an American news-based paid television channel and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. The numbers of political news thereby are extremely diverse and multi-style. However, within the limit of time and the rapid update of the website, the researcher cannot cover all the political news from the website.
Consequently, only 30 newsletters of political news by the time from November 2018 to January 2019 have been collected and investigated in the thesis. Significant of the Study Regarding theoretical values, this thesis is the first study into the semi- modals expressions as well as their semantic properties used in the political news collected from CNN. This study will make a substantial contribution to recognize and understand semantic meanings of the semi-modals in the political news in particular and in English language in general. e 5 With respect to practical targets, a detailed description on the types of the semi-modals and their semantic meanings is conducted in order to achieve the main purpose that the semi-modals are used effectively.
Also, it provides the methods that help people to explore the various semantic meanings of the semi-modals to express their speech expected to transmit. Furthermore, the findings of the research would enable the learners use proficiently the semi - modal verbs to express different meanings and the trend how to use semi - modal verbs in the political news. In addition, this study will help teachers, learners of English and those who are really interested in the linguistic field understand more thoroughly the language they deal with. Organization of the Study The thesis is organized into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1.
Introduction: introduces the rationale, aims and objectives, the scope of the study, the research questions, and the design of the study. Literature Review and Theoretical Background: deals with the literature review, presents the previous studies related to the work, and the theoretical background related to this study. Research Method: mentions on the research methodology, research procedures, data collection, data analysis, reliability and validity. Finding and Discussion: gives the findings of the study and discussion is made based on the research results.
Conclusions and Implications: summarizes the conclusions and some implications of the research, gives the limitations and suggestions for the further study. e 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is regarding to the definition of the terms which are directly related to the study and the detailed classification of semi-modal verbs. Furthermore, some previous studies which provide the scholarly setting in the thesis are also reviewed. Literature Review Like most of theoretically-based historical studies, semi-modal verbs have been investigated from the perspectives of both semantic and grammatical theories of linguistics.