© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, L NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBU Framework for Professional Nursing © Jones & BartlettPractice NOT Kathleen FOR SALE Learning, LLC Masters © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OR DISTRIBUTION 2 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Although LLC of nursing theory development the beginning © Jones &can Bartlett Learning, be traced to LLC Florence Nightingale, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION it was not until the second half of the 1900s that nurs- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ing theory caught the attention of nursing as a discipline. During the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, theory development was a major topic of discussion and publication. During the 1970s, much of the discussion was related to the development of one global theory for nursing. However, in the 1980s, atten- © Jones tion turned from & Bartlett the development of aLearning, global theoryLLCfor nursing as scholars © Jones & Bartlett Learning, L began to recognize NOT FORmultiple approaches SALE to theory development in nursing.
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBU Because of the plurality in nursing theory, this information must be orga- Key Terms and Concepts nized to be meaningful for practice, research, and further knowledge devel- opment. The goal of this chapter is to present an organized and practical »» Concept overview of the major concepts, models, philosophies, and theories that are »» Conceptual model »» Propositions © Jones essential&inBartlett Learning, professional LLC nursing practice. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC »» Assumptions NOT FOR It canSALE be helpful ORtoDISTRIBUTION define some terms that might be unfamiliar.NOTA concept FOR SALE »» Theory DISTRIBUTION OR is a term or label that describes a phenomenon (Meleis, 2004). The phenom- »» Metaparadigm enon described by a concept can be either empirical or abstract.
An empirical »» Person concept is one that can be either observed or experienced through the senses. »» Environment »» Health An abstract concept is one that is not observable, such as hope or caring »» Nursing © Jones & Bartlett Learning, (Hickman, 2002).LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC »» Philosophies NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Learning & Bartlett Learning, L Objectives NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBU After completing this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Identify the four metaparadigm concepts of 3. Begin the process of identifying theoretical nursing.
frameworks of nursing that are consistent with Identify and describe several theoretical a personal belief system. © Jones & Bartlett in nursing. Learning, LLC works © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 47 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 81982_CH02_Pass1.indd 47 22/09/12 1:12 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 48 Chapter 2 Framework for Professional Nursing Practice © Jones & Bartlett Learning, A conceptual LLC as a set of concepts and model is defined © Jones & Bartlett statements that Learning, L NOT FOR SALEthe integrate OR DISTRIBUTION concepts NOT1973; into a meaningful configuration (Lippitt, FORasSALE cited OR DISTRIBU in Fawcett, 1994). Propositions are statements that describe relationships among events, situations, or actions (Meleis, 2004). Assumptions also describe concepts or connect two concepts and represent values, beliefs, or goals. When assumptions are challenged, they become propositions (Meleis, 2004).
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCmodels are composed of©abstract Conceptual Jonesand & Bartlett Learning, general concepts and LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR propositions that provide a frame of reference SALE of for members OR DISTRIBUTION a discipline. This frame of reference determines how the world is viewed by members of a discipline and guides the members as they propose questions and make observations relevant to the discipline (Fawcett, 1994). A theory “is an organized, coherent, and systematic articulation of a set © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of statements related to © significant Jones &questions BartlettinLearning, a discipline LLC that are com- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION municated in a meaningfulNOTwhole,” FOR SALEaccordingOR to DISTRIBUTION Meleis (2007, p. The primary distinction between a conceptual model and a theory is the level of abstraction and specificity.
A conceptual model is a highly abstract system of global concepts and linking statements. A theory, in contrast, deals with one or more specific, concrete concepts and propositions (Fawcett, 1994). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, A metaparadigm LLCglobal perspective of a discipline is the most © Jonesand & “acts Bartlett Learning, L NOT FOR as an encapsulating unit, or framework, within which the more restricted … OR DISTRIBU SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE structures develop” (Eckberg & Hill, 1979, p. Each discipline singles out phenomena of interest that it will deal with in a unique manner.
The concepts and propositions that identify and interrelate these phenomena are even more abstract than those in the conceptual models. These are the concepts that © Jones & Bartlett Learning, comprise theLLC metaparadigm of the discipline© Jones & Bartlett (Fawcett, 1994). Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The conceptual models and theories of nursing representOR NOT FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION various para- digms derived from the metaparadigm of the discipline of nursing. Therefore, although each of the conceptual models might link and define the four metaparadigm concepts differently, the four metaparadigm concepts are present in each of the models.
© Jones & BartlettThe conceptual Learning, LLCmodels and © Jones The & Bartlett central concepts Learning, of the LLC discipline of nursing are theories of nursing represent NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION various paradigms derived personNOT FOR , environmentSALE OR , health, andDISTRIBUTION nursing. These four con- cepts of the metaparadigm of nursing are more specifically from the metaparadigm of the “The person receiving the nursing, the environment within discipline of nursing. which the person exits, the health–illness continuum within which the person falls at the time of the interaction with the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, nurse, and,LLC © Jones finally, nursing actions themselves” & Bartlett Learning, L (Flaskerud NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION & Holloran, 1980, cited in Fawcett, 1994, NOT p. SALE OR DISTRIBU Because concepts are so abstract at the metaparadigm level, many concep- tual models have developed from the metaparadigm of nursing.
Subsequently, multiple theories have been derived from each conceptual model in an effort to describe, explain, and predict the phenomena within the model. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 81982_CH02_Pass1.indd 48 22/09/12 1:12 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Overview of Selected Nursing Theories 49 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, L Overview of Selected NOT FOR Nursing SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBU Theories To apply nursing theory in practice, the nurse must have some knowledge of the theoretical works of the nursing profession.
This chapter is not intended to provide © Jones an in-depth & Bartlett analysis of each Learning, LLCof the theoretical works in©nursing Jonesbut& Bartlett Learning, LLC rather provides an introductory overview of selected theoretical works to give NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION you a launching point for further reflection and study as you begin your journey into professional nursing practice. Critical Thinking Question v Theoretical works in nursing are generally categorized What are the specific competencies for nurses either as philosophies, conceptual models, theories, or in relation to theoretical knowledge? v middle-range © Jones & Bartlett Learning, theories LLC depending on the level©ofJonesabstrac-& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE tion. OR We begin with the most abstract of theseNOT DISTRIBUTION theoretical FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION works, the philosophies of nursing. ■■ Selected Philosophies of Nursing Philosophies set forth the general meaning of nursing and nursing phenom- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ena through reasoning and the logical presentation of ideas.
Philosophies are © Jones & Bartlett Learning, L NOT general broad and address FOR SALE ORnursing. ideas about DISTRIBUTION Because of their breadth, nurs- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBU ing philosophy contributes to the discipline by providing direction, clarifying values, and forming a foundation for theory development (Alligood, 2006). Nightingale’s Environmental Theory © Jones & Bartlett Nightingale’s Learning, philosophy LLC includes the © Jones four metaparadigm concepts & Bartlett Learning, LLC of nursing NOT(Table FOR2-1), SALE but the focus is primarily on the patient and the environment, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR with the nurse manipulating the environment to enhance patient recovery. Nursing interventions using Nightingale’s philosophy are centered on her 13 canons, which follow (Nightingale, 1860/1969): • Ventilation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, and warmth: The interventions subsumed LLC © Jonesin& this canon include Bartlett Learning, LLC keeping the patient and the patient’s room warm and keeping the patient’s NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Metaparadigm Concepts as Defined in Nightingale’s Model Person Recipient of nursing care Nursing Alter or manage the environment to © Jones Environment External&(temperature, Bartlett Learning, bedding, LLC implement the natural laws © of Jones health & Bartlett Learning, L ventilation)NOT FOR SALE and internal OR DISTRIBUTION (food, water, and medi- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBU cations) Health Health is “not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have to use” (Nightingale, 1969, p.
24) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 2-1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 81982_CH02_Pass1.indd 49 22/09/12 1:12 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 50 Chapter 2 Framework for Professional Nursing Practice © Jones & room Bartlett Learning, well ventilated and LLC © Jones free of odors. Specific instructions &“keep included Bartlett Learning, L NOT FOR SALE the air within as pure as the air without” (Nightingale,NOT OR DISTRIBUTION FOR p.
OR DISTRIBU • Health of houses: This canon includes the five essentials of pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light. • Petty management: Continuity of care for the patient when the nurse is absent is the essence of this canon. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Noise: Instructions © Jones include the avoidance & Bartlett of sudden Learning, noises that startle or LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION awaken patients and keeping noise in NOT FOR general to aSALE minimum.OR DISTRIBUTION • Variety: This canon refers to an attempt at variety in the patient’s room to avoid boredom and depression. • Food intake: Interventions include the documentation of the amount of food and liquids that the patient ingests.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Food: Instructions include © Jones & to trying Bartlett Learning, include patient LLC food preferences. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Bed and bedding: The NOT FOR SALE interventions in this OR canonDISTRIBUTION include comfort measures related to keeping the bed dry and wrinkle free.